A Framework for Thinking Ethically Essay

The article â€Å"A Framework for Thinking Ethically† analyzes the main concept of ethics. The authors explores the arguments of what ethics is and what ethic is not, why ethics is important, five sources of ethical standards, and advises a 10-step framework for making ethical decisions. First, this article helps identify what ethics is not. It points out that ethics is not based on the law and culturally accepted norms; it is neither religion nor a science; and it is not the same as peoples’ feelings. Moreover, the authors describe that many philosophers and ethicists around the world proposed five sources of ethical standards to help understand what ethics are based on. Secondly, the article identified the following five sources of ethical standards: the Utilitarian Approach, the Rights Approach, the Fairness or Justice Approach, the Common Good Approach, and the Virtue Approach. The authors state that using these five approaches helps peoples define what standards of behavior can be considered ethical. Once one puts all these approaches together, there are still problems to be solved. One of the problems is that it is almost impossible to agree to the same set of human and civil rights, and another is that the approaches to ethical behavior do not have the same explanation for particularly difficult situations. Finally, the authors recommend a 10-step process for making the ethical decision. This 10-step process include five activities; 1) Recognize the Ethical Issue, 2) Get the Facts, 3) Evaluate Alternative Actions, 4) Make a Decision and Test it, and 5) Act and Reflect on the outcome. Step 1 and 2 ask to consider the impact and repercussions of the decision. Step 3-5 stress getting all relevant information. Step 6 asks to evaluate the dilemma based on the different approaches. Step 7-8 forces to choose the best approach, and look at it objectively. Finally, Steps 9-10 urge the carefulness needed to implement the decision, and the honest reflection that must follow upon putting the decision to action. This 10 step process gives the decision maker a pragmatic way to debate, mull over, and thoughtfully consider when making ethical decisions.

Cultural Anthropology Social Organization Essay

In the United States the practice of serial monogamy, where one goes through a series of marriages then divorce; and unwed parenthood seem to have replaced the cultural traditional marriage. (Nowak & Laird, 2010) Single parent families and the accompanying socioeconomic circumstances usually warrant social intervention from state agencies and that places a strain on public funds. The fact is, every single parent household is unbalanced. In the household where both parents are present the children usually benefit because each parent brings; not only a gender based perspective to the relationship and child rearing cultural traditional practices; but he/she also brings a level of stability that is not easily quantified. Stable marriages are usually founded upon the couple’s religious beliefs, kinship traditions of stable relationships, friendship, trust, similar backgrounds, traditional values as well as kindred cultural practices that include gender role expectations. Persons in stable marriages tend to understand each other’s moods and idiosyncrasies; so they are able to co-exist and live as friends. In the film, people adhere to the traditions of their kindred, they hold them sacred and they marry their own kind. It might seem bizarre to the outsider but it is normal behavior for their kinship. Arranged marriages are basically bilateral agreements between two families. The groom’s family gives the bride’s family a bride wealth of livestock, jewelry land and other valuables depending on the traditional culture of the tribe. The bride wealth forms a part of the wealth of the bride’s kinship. The groom basically has to pay the bride’s family for the loss of her labor. (Nowak & Laird, 2010). The women accept and submit themselves to the cultural traditions of their kinship. They have no choice in the arrangements. In the film, the women are hard workers. They take care of the men, children, fields, livestock wash the clothes, cook but the most bizarre was the Indian polyandrous family; the woman was married to three brothers. The children in this family do not know their biological father; and it is normal behavior so nobody really cares about a DNA match. It is also interesting to note that the wife in the feature film is illiterate and she knows no other way of life. The family is stable and the brothers look out for each other. This arrangement is economical as all the wealth is kept in the groom’s kinship. As strange as it may sound, this marriage seem to be more successful than the marriages of choice; in that the wives know there roles and stick to their list of duties. On the other hand, in marriages of choice, after a few years have passed, the wives tend to place pressure on the husbands to change into their likeness and to be what they, and their families want them to be. Arranged marriages are basically bilateral agreements between two families. The gang/crime family is a rather incredible one. I prefer to consider it as a social group with its own set of operational tenets but not a family. Rference Nowak, B., & Laird, P. (2010). Cultural Anthropolgy, San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education Inc.

Project Performance and Control on the London 2012 construction Essay

Project Performance and Control on the London 2012 construction programme - Essay Example Equally, the program did not suffer from any noticeable or significant deviation from the set goals and measures as detailed in the governing blueprint of the schedule. The orderly and harmonious connection of the different aspects of the program was an enabling factor to the attaining of the different goals attained at the various levels and stages of the program. Most project deliverables were within the stipulated range of time and measures. The overall performance of the program is indicative of the accuracy of methods employed, the appropriate estimations, and the quality of controls and management systems employed before and in the course of the construction. The success of the Olympic Games and the Paralympic Games depended nearly entirely on the nature of logistics and state of infrastructure. The entire construction project was placed under the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) (Elson, 2012). Experts in the fields of construction, planning, sports, and finance worked together to achieve a level of efficiency that contributed significantly to the successful model of construction and architecture. In essence, analysts contend that much of the efficiency and effectiveness of the program was a factor of appropriate consultation and the assessment of utility, resources, and the element of time. Analysts observe that the performance of the construction program surpassed benchmarks and established standards and that it demonstrated the capacity of London construction industry to overcome the usual inequalities and logistical mishaps that have defined nearly similar projects in the past. Forensic schedule analysis and cost management are some of the key indicators of success that attend to construction projects in many parts of the world. The application of this analysis was manifest in matching of specific processes to respective estimates of time. Teams comprising of contractors, the academia, industry partners, and multiple government bodies worked together with the ODA to assess the kind of synergies that would be required in the development of other systems that are consistent with the nature of success achieved in the London 2012 Construction Program (Elson, 2012). On this note, it becomes important to assess the program as a case in point of the effect of coordination and management on the performance of processes as understood within the construction industry. Appropriate systems of risk management were enlisted throughout the various processes to serve as the safeguards against possible and unforeseeable mishaps to the program. The enlisting of the risk management systems was premised on the awareness of the impact of external factors to the performance of the program. As such, estimates of costs and other operational variables were determined in recognition of the possible variations that determine the nature of performance of processes against the set goals and benchmarks. The preliminary stage of the program focused on the dev elopment of the most appropriate strategy. This stage was one of the most important because it determined the course of action to be taken regarding the other kinds of processes. Some of the details that informed the development of strategy included matters of funding of the specific aspects of the program. Details of internal and external funding were discussed with the view of determining the most appropri

The Tradition of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tradition of Judaism - Essay Example The family has a meal featuring traditional food and wine. The purpose of the ritual to remind people that when God created the Universe in seven days, He devoted a whole day to resting and so should the Jews. I learned that people who adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism tend to perform this ritual on a weekly basis, namely every sun set of Friday and up to the sun set of Saturday. As I have previously noticed, the wife is responsible for lighting up the candles and saying the blessing. Then, the father of the family says all the required prayers and the people are able to have dinner and celebrate Shabbat. It is beyond any doubt that this particular ritual preaches the need of the people to adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism and devote an entire day of the week free from daily routine and contemplating about what really matters in life, namely their relationship with God. There are different methods of praying that are used during this ritual: the words of prayers are pronounced first by the woman and then all the prayers are chanted by a man. In addition to that, people are required to direct their mind to various religious matters so that it would not stray away from the ritual. Speaking of the body placement during the Shabbat, it is a tradition to remain standing while all the major prayers and blessings are performed which shows that the people feel respect for the moment. What is really interesting is that there is a certain function reserved for women during Shabbat: they not only light up the candles but also prepare the meals for the dinner, which puts a lot of responsibility on them.

Supply Chain of Coca Cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply Chain of Coca Cola - Essay Example Coca Cola has always kept their main emphasis on supply chain and logistics activities. Coca Cola have developed ‘focus factories concept’. According to this concept, they have developed European manufacturing point along with the global manufacturing facilities. They have developed low cost manufacturing locations and strategic â€Å"hubs† across the world. The company has started putting emphasis on long distance modes of transport for developing efficient mode of transport and distributions of products. Coca Cola have also developed specialist nature of logistics and supply chain operations. They have opted for software driven solutions in supply chain management. Coca Cola has its own supply chain management in place for more than 100 years. They have implemented the PowerAde method of supply chain management which has improved their overall supply chain system (Coca Cola, n.d.). Coca cola, in European region have also benefitted from elimination of internal tariffs. They have started growing chain stores in European nations. They have also focused on low cost and rapid delivery as their success factor. Coca Cola in UK has established itself as a leading soft drink producing brand. It had a slow beginning in European region but through the improvement of logistics and supply chain management, the company has established themselves. They are now involved in various sponsorship activities in UK e.g. football.

Week 2 workshop Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 2 workshop - Assignment Example The graph is now positively skewed from mean as shown in the diagram below: The appropriate measures of central tendency for skewed distribution are either mean or median. Median is a more appropriate measure for highly skewed distributions. The skewness of the graph that we have plotted is not very high. Hence the best measure of central tendency is the mean. The average salary of the corporate customers is now $345,455. Gender is an example of nominal data. It can take either of the two values: Male or Female. Mode which is the value which has the highest frequency in the given data set is the best measure of central tendency in this case (QuickMBA, 2010). The mode of the distribution will tell us whether the data has more males or more females which is an appropriate measure for central tendency. The three key different measures of central tendency are Mean, Median and Mode. All the three are not the best measures for all types of distribution. They have different values for differently skewed distributions. For a symmetrical distribution, all the three measures converge on the same value. Mean is the most sensitive measure to skewness (Levin and Rubin, 2009). In case the distribution contains outlier values which impact the skewness of the distribution positively or negatively, the mean moves from being the highest (positively skewed distribution) to being the lowest (negatively skewed distribution). In any distribution, median is always in the middle of mean and mode. Median is the least sensitive measure for skewed distributions. Standard deviation and variance are both the measures of dispersion. Standard deviation is the square root of variance. Variance is the average value of the squared difference of the each value and the mean. Since variance is calculated after squaring, all the differences take positive value. Moreover, larger differences get more weight and are more suitable in cases where there are more outliers. Standard

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Essay

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Management thought (Taylor et al) with those of the Human Relations Movement (Mayo et al) with regard to people at work - Essay Example uding the determination of the most effective way to coordinate tasks, careful selection of employees for different positions, proper training and development of the workforce, and the introduction of economic incentives in order to motivate employees. Taylor’s scientific management theory is widely used today and underlies many management techniques from work study to standard costing. In scientific management theory, Taylor believed that management’s objective should be to secure maximum prosperity for both employers and employees in both the short and long term. He was able to arrive at this principle by studying the causes of hostility and inefficiency in the workplace. In his investigation, Taylor believed that left to their own devices, workers toiled inefficiently, basing their work practices on custom and habit rather than on scientific principles. In addition, he attributed hostility to the belief among workers that increases in output would naturally result in unemployment and that the traditional practice created inefficient methods of work and that workers restricted their outputs in order to protect their interests. (Cascarion and Esch, p. 106) Taylor called this as workers’ engagement in â€Å"soldiering.† He outlined two types of soldiering: Systematic soldiering, on the other hand, is the concerted restriction of output and the more problematic of the two. This attitude was rooted in management’s failure to develop appropriate authority and legitimation for standard work. (Collins 1998, p. 11) Taylor addressed this challenge by studying each job in order to discover the best way in doing it. He was able to identify the best means of control. He developed four approaches to management designed to be able to recruit and maintain workers – whose needs and attitudes towards work are met: Through the previous principles Taylor was able to design a set of standards in regard to control and workers’ wages in terms of scientifically

Classical and Operant Conditioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Classical and Operant Conditioning - Essay Example The following morning, they once again decide to get their exercise (UR) by walking (US) the same route of the past two days, only this time they enter the gymnasium to look around and make some queries. The fourth morning, they once again decide to walk (US) down Leon Avenue; and as was the case yesterday, they enter the gymnasium. This time, however, they become members (CR) having decided to use this facility for their exercising. The next morning and many mornings thereafter, the gymnasium (CS) is the place they go for their exercise (CR). This student has also chosen an activity for operant conditioning; namely, studying. A psychology professor has a double period every Friday. On some of those Fridays, the professor will, at the beginning of the second period, ask the students to study (desired behavior) the material from the first period, telling them they are free to ask him questions about the material that they did not understand. Some students do as asked, while others do not. Then, approximately 15 minutes before the end of study period a quiz is given. Those who studied, invariably obtain a good mark on the quiz, which serves as a positive reinforcement for their studying behavior. As students who studied keep receiving good quiz grades (positive reinforcement), it strengthens the desired response (studying) and increases the chance that it will keep on happening (Morris, 1976). Social and cultural environments actually act as powerful classical and operant conditioners. The class is one cultural indicator (Benchmarks on Line). If a person is born into a class (e.g. upper middle class) where diligent studying and resulting good grades are highly valued, a student will be praised and often also rewarded with tangible items such as a bicycle, camp, a skiing holidays, and so forth.

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) Research Paper

Modern Ethical Theory or Pragmatism ( choose one) - Research Paper Example These theories have in turn been relied upon heavily in determining the parameters of ethical and moral conduct across different cultures and under different circumstances. These theories draw from the ideas of great moral philosophers like John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, David Hume among others. Hume vs Kant vs Mill: Their different views on ethics and morality. By giving their views, all moral philosophers aim at describing the best standard of moral and ethical conduct. However, there normally arises a dilemma on which ethical theory should be applied because of the variations in how different philosophers view ethics and morality. These variations raise important questions in the approach to ethical problems and one of the key questions is the question of absolute good or relative good. Mill for example, takes a utilitarian view to ethics and morality. From such a view, the moral worth of human actions are determined by their resultant outcome (Shaw 32). Mill’s view of et hics and morality maximises overall pleasure by all available means. This means that the nature of an action is not a major issue of concern but its final outcome. This view therefore gives room for the breaking of some moral rules if this breaking increases happiness. Its main advantage is that it allows actions to be judged in a way that yields fairness to the greatest population. For example, it is unlawful, unethical and morally unjustifiable to kill another person. However, utilitarianism allows for the breaking of this rule in the case of self-defence either by civilians or police officers facing a dangerous criminal. Killing one dangerous criminal is less painful that one dangerous criminal killing many people. This action maximises happiness. In summary, this view of ethics and morality argues that the end justifies the means. Such a view of ethics and morality therefore considers the relative good of actions and not their absolute good. It avoids judgement of actions from e xtremists’ point of view which in many cases, leads to the suffering of many people. Its main disadvantage is that it does not consider the nature of human actions or the intentions behind them hence it can be used as a justification for wrong doings by some people. Kant holds to an opposing view to Mill in regard ethics and morality. According to Kant, the nature and not the result of human actions determine their moral worth. He argued that a good will is the only good thing and therefore, the will or the motive of the actor is the only factor that determines the moral worth of an action (Kant 97). This is a deontological view whereby ethical and moral actions are seen as the duty or obligations of every person towards other members of the society. The advantage of this view lies in its fairness. That is, human actions are judged depending on the extend to which they adhere to existing moral and ethical rules. It considers the absolute goodness of human actions hence it doe s not give room for the breaking of some rules. The main disadvantage to such a view is that it does not consider the role played by external pressures/factors in driving human actions. For example, no one can wait to be slaughtered like a sheep by another person holding a knife. The reaction will be to defend oneself by all means including hitting the attacker. If it happens that they die, the person who killed should be let free because they never intended to kill. The disadvantage of this

Multi line regression Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Multi line regression - Statistics Project Example atly depends on statistics in order to determine how well a country is doing in terms of trading with the relevant partners and in enhancing economic growth. In this task, the chosen dependent variable was the United States of America exports, the dependent variables selected are; oil prices, USA car prices and technological product prices. It is assumed that the selected independent variables have a direct relationship with the dependent variable. For instance, car prices will determine if the exports of the same will be higher, especially when compared to prices of cars from other countries such as Japan. In order to understand how the independent variables impact on the dependent variable, multiple regression analysis is usually utilized. Regression is a statistical analysis that is used to evaluate the association or relationship between continuous dependent and continuous independent variable (Chatterjee & Simonoff, 2013). Usually the regression analysis helps establish a number of issues such as if a relationship exists between variables, the strength of the association, the structure or form of the relationship, as well as help in predicting the values of the dependent variable and controlling for other dependent variables. This makes regression superior to correlation analysis. Ideally, regression coefficients depict the mean, variance or change variables under investigation variable for one unit of change in the predictor variable while holding other predictor variables constant in the same model. With regards to coefficients above, it is evident that when oil prices and technical product prices are held constant, the amount of exports will increase by 6.94, when car prices, and technical product prices are held constant, then exports will increase by 4.27 and lastly, when car prices and oil prices are held constant, exports will reduce by -0.52. R-square value stood at 0.9472. Coefficient of determination adjusted for the degree of freedom denoted as

Managing a police service Area Essay Example for Free

Managing a police service Area Essay Commanders managing a police service area faced with a number of challenges. Some of these include corruption, racial profiling, and poor cooperation and relationship between the police force and the local community. All this problems have been attributed among other reasons to insufficient training of law enforcement, discriminative administration, and lack of employee engagement. Therefore, managing a police service area challenges can be mitigated by ensuring a highly motivated and trained police force as well as engaging the community to enhance their appreciation of the police. Corruption has been cited as a major problem compromising the effectiveness of the police force. According to available statistical evidence, the problem of drug dealings is increasing becoming an issue of national concern in the American nation. This is despite the fact that the law enforcement has the potential to identify, mitigate or prosecute the offenders. However, the problem of corruption has been closely attributed to poor motivation to police officers as well as lack of an effective channel for getting public feedback on the conduct of police officers. Another problem facing commanders managing a police service area is poor communication and cooperation of police officers and the community. The community is evidently identified as a crucial tool for aiding in the identification and mitigation in the community. Therefore, poor relationships between local law enforcement and the community serve only to escalate crime in the community, a negation to the sole duty of the police service area commander. Indeed, such poor relationships are a major threaten to the life of officers as they are perceived by the community as enemies rather than just and fair law enforcer. The third challenge affecting commanders managing a police service area is racial profiling. Racial discrimination in the law enforcement agencies has been a major critic from the general public. The sole duty of all police officers is to ensure sustainable peace and security in the community. This means that police officers should function to investigate on suspected crime offenders based on substantial evidence rather than based on their race, nationality, and ethnicity. It is this practices which remains a major challenge for commanders to oversee the fair and just enforcement of the rule of the law. As a police manager, there are a number of actions I would take to mitigate these problems. First, I would ensure implementation policies as a way of mitigating the problem of police corruption. Such practices would include increment of payment and service allowances for the police. Other could be engaging officers in retirement benefit schemes as well as providing job security. This is because I believe that most officers engage in corruption as a way of accumulating extra earnings for their present and future needs. On the problem of poor relationship between police and community as well as racial profiling, I would ensure the introduction of a comprehensive police training scheme. Skilled and reliable police officers should high sufficient skills on public relations. Such training will also equip the officers with the necessary skills of dealing with a diverse population, a factor that could compromise racial profiling. The biggest problem causing poor relationship between the police and the community is poor communication. To eliminate this problem, I would encourage interactive sections between the police and the community members as a way of breaking the current relational gap.

Depression Essay Example for Free

Depression Essay While similar, unipolar depression and bipolar disorder cause different struggles in individuals who have them. Unipolar depression is characterized only by bouts of depression symptoms, while people with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms in combination with cycles of mania. There are many biological and psychological theories of the causes of unipolar depression, but bipolar disorder has for the most part been studied biologically. Finally, unipolar depression can be treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of both, but bipolar disorder cannot be successfully be treated with psychotherapy alone. Unipolar depression has many possible underlying causes. First, stressful events often occur before an individual experiences unipolar depression. Biological factors include genetics, biochemical factors, brain anatomy, and brain circuits. Upon examination of the family tree of individuals who suffer from unipolar disorder, researchers found that up to 20% of their family struggled with it as well in comparison to 10% of the general population, showing a genetic relationship. Twin studies have shown a 46% incidence of unipolar depression in an identical twin whose sibling suffered from unipolar depression, and only a 20% incidence in fraternal twins, and several genes have been associated with the occurrence of the disorder. The first biochemical factor playing a part in unipolar depression is low activity of the neurotransmitter chemicals norepinephrine and serotonin. Overproduction of the hormone cortisol, normally produced during stressful situations, has also been linked to unipolar depression, along with some tentative theories about chemical deficiencies within neurons. The brain anatomy factors beginning to be seen as influencing unipolar depression are the dysfunction of brain circuits involving the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25. First of the psychological factors influencing unipolar depression is that influenced by Freud and Abraham: it occurs when relationships leave an individual feeling unsafe and insecure. Next, the dwindling of positive rewards in life may reduce constructive behaviors, causing a circle that may be a factor in unipolar depression. Third, viewing events in negative ways may lead to having this disorder. Finally, gender, cultural, and ethnic background may also play a part in the development of unipolar depression. Much of the research into the causes for bipolar disorder is biological. Low serotonin combined with low norepinephrine is thought to cause unipolar depression, but low serotonin and norepinephrine over activity has been linked to bipolar disorder. Transportation of ions in the brain happening too quickly and slowly is theorized to cause depression and mania, and abnormal brain structures such as a small basal ganglia or cerebellum has been connected to bipolar disorder. Finally, family pedigree and genetic linkage studies have shown a relationship between genetics and a predisposition to developing bipolar disorder. Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder are both mood disorders, however individuals suffering from them exhibit different symptoms. Unipolar depression is when an individual only suffers from depression, and they return to a nearly normal mood when it lifts. Symptoms can range from moderate to severe, although the moderate symptoms may still not allow the individual to experience much pleasure. Crying spells often result from unipolar depression because of the feelings of being miserable, empty, and humiliated. Sense of humor reduces and it becomes difficult to experience pleasure, sometimes becoming incapable of experiencing pleasure at all. Unipolar depression can also cause anxiety, anger, and agitation. Motivational symptoms include lack of desire to complete everyday tasks, and a reduced interest in life and desire to commit suicide are common. Depressed people may additionally become less active and productive, stay in bed, speak more slowly, spend more time alone, and hold extremely negative views of themselves. Unipolar depression can cause physical symptoms, the most common being a reduction of appetite and sleep. Those with bipolar disorder experience the same symptoms as unipolar depression during their depressive periods, but also experience manic periods bring a whole new set of symptoms. The first symptom of mania is having feelings that are not proportional to the triggering event. Next, manic episodes bring about a need for excitement. Many projects may get started with little of them finished, and there is no awareness of the overwhelming nature of social style. Behavior during a manic episode often involves quick movements, loud speech, and odd behavior such as giving money to strangers or getting involved in dangerous activities. Finally, mania also causes poor judgment and planning, inflated self-esteem, and extreme energy. Biological treatments for unipolar depression include electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, antidepressant drugs, and brain stimulation. ECT delivers volts of electricity through the brain, causing brain seizures that can be therapeutic. MAO inhibitors are an example of antidepressant drugs used to treat unipolar depression; they block the breakdown of norepinephrine, increasing its activity and reducing symptoms. Tricyclics block the neuron reuptake process, increasing neurotransmitter activity, and SSRI’s can increase serotonin and norepinephrine activity. Vagus nerve stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation are all brain stimulation techniques also used to treat unipolar depression. Psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression include various methods of free association, and behavior treatments add pleasurable activities to a client’s life, rewards pleasurable events, and trains clients in social skills. Cognitive treatment is a cognitive-behavioral therapy, using behavioral methods in combination with trying to change negative thinking. Finally, sociocultural treatments include interpersonal therapy, couple therapy, and cultural-sensitive approaches. Treatment for bipolar disorder includes the use of lithium, other mood stabilizers, and adjunctive psychotherapy. Lithium and other mood stabilizers are more effective in treating manic episodes, though they also treat depressive episodes. However, exactly how they work is not fully known. Antidepressants can be used in combination with the mood stabilizers, but there is â€Å"an unfavorable cost/benefit ratio for antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression† when used alone. (S, Rosenquist, Ko, Baldassano, 2004). Psychotherapy is used in addition to mood stabilizing medication to increase the likelihood of their success, but it is rarely effective as a treatment on its own. In conclusion, bipolar disorder is like an extended version of unipolar depression, as those with bipolar disorder experience depressive symptoms in addition to their episodes of manic symptoms. There is not one blanket cause for either disorder; rather each individual case must be evaluated separately and receive its own treatment plan. Unipolar depression has more treatment options because therapy or medication is not always required, but a combination of medication and therapy is usually most successful in treating both bipolar disorder and unipolar depression.

The Wembley National Stadium Construction Essay

The Wembley National Stadium Construction Essay It was built to be the new home of football; to be one of the largest and magnificent stadiums in the world and designed to be state-of-the-art with a seating capacity of 90,000. Designed by the World Stadium Team led by Mott MacDonald, the Wembley Stadium now stands as the most expensive stadium ever built, the longest single-span roof structure in the world (315m), second largest stadium in Europe and the tallest in the world (133m) with every seat under roof cover. The concept was to build a state-of-the-art stadium, with none that can compare anywhere else in the world. The new stadium has a partly retractable roof which can be adjusted to allow sunlight to reach all parts of the pitch. During bad weather, the roof can be retracted in about 15 minutes to cover every seat (http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wembley/).  £120 million from the Lottery Fund was invested into the stadium with an additional loan of  £426 million through West Deutsche Landesbank. A fixed price contract was reached between the client and contractors. This made provision for a building cost of  £352 million and total project costs of  £757 million (Public Accounts Committee, 2004). However, like most iconic construction projects of national interest, the Wembley project was not spared its own share of controversies, accusations, rumours, anxieties and fascination. The Football Association (FA) must have imagined a spectacular 2006 FA Cup grand finale, the biggest UK soccer championship at Wembley National Stadium. Unfortunately, this important event had to be moved all the way to Wales! What was wrong? Wembley Stadiums extraordinarily ambitious re-development was utterly behind schedule.  The project later opened in March 2007, almost a year behind schedule and  £70million over budget and has since then kept some of the finest construction lawyers in constant employment. The Wembley Stadium concept was definitely ambitious and the product stands now impressively. Even more breathe taking is the 133m arch which when lit up at night shinning gloriously, and can even be seen across London. Wembley has indeed become Englands new icon of football. The client for the project was the Football Association (FA) working through its subsidiary the Wembley National Stadium Ltd (WNSL). The main contractor was Multiplex Constructions with Mott MacDonald being the Lead Designers. The project used two project advisors; Tropus at the initial stages (1997-2001) and Capita Symonds (2001-2006). The initial steel contractor was Cleveland Bridge 2.0 Problems during the project A litany of problems can be identified that bedevilled the construction of the Wembley Stadium mainly adversarial contracts, unreasonable risk allocation, cash-flow problems, design changes, poor performance, poor site management and litigations. These are presented in details below: Delays and indecisiveness even before the project begun: Plans for a new stadium were beset with delays, management problems and increasing costs since December 1996. The designs were revealed in 1999 and the stadium should have been completed in 2003 but the work itself started only in September 2002 due to many political and financial problems. The project was finally rescheduled to complete in May 2006 (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/2119413.stm). Design Problems: Multiplex argued that Mott MacDonald`s design for the Wembley steel work was not fit for purpose and that the initial designs were not correct, constructible, co-ordinated and consistent. It further stated that Mott MacDonalds deficient design, failure to warn and/or take action is shown in many thousands of individual acts or omissions (Technology and Construction Court (TCC), 2006). Scope Creep: The initial scope was to accommodate athletics, rugby and football in the same stadium. This later became very controversial and resulted in the removal of athletics from the scheme in 1999, because of the technical and commercial challenges of accommodating the three sports within the same stadium. In December 2001, the scope was further changed with the removal of a hotel from the project, the expansion of hospitality suites and considerable changes to the north side of the stadium bowl. This took the Mott Consortium 7-8 months to redesign. These changes increased the cost of the project especially in steel works (TCC, 2006). Procurement Issues: In the conclusions of Public Accounts Committee (Eighth Report of Session 2003-04), it stated that Best procurement practice has not been followed on what is a high profile project Organisations responsible for managing projects should be expected to set out a formal procurement process, which treats all bidders equally to avoid giving any one a potential advantage over the others. It further criticised Wembley National Stadium Limited for failing to follow a detailed and overt formal procurement process and having dialogue with Multiplex prior to starting the procurement process. A report by former Wembley project manager Tropus, said the appointment was made with undue speed. The James Report also concluded that there had been serious flaws in the procurement policies.'(James Report, 2002) Poor Communication: Apart from the major changes in the scope of the works, Multiplex  lamented not given access to vital design information which made them underprice the steelwork. Mott on the other hand thought Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been intimately involved in the design work. (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002) Poor Planning and organisation: A lot of decisions seem to have been made hastily. No wonder several changes had to be made at later stages. When it became a prime objective to finish the project in time for the FA Cup finale in May 2006, efficiency and cost effectiveness became secondary issues. In my opinion, a lot of problems could have been avoided if Multiplex did not have to rush the job to meet unrealistic deadlines. Multiplex claims that it has sustained significant losses as a result of a multitude of breaches of contract and/or acts of negligence by the consultant, which had far-reaching effects for Wembley (TCC, 2006; Baloch, 2008). Disputes and disagreements: Cleveland Bridge (CB), the steel contractor terminated their contract in 2004 because they did not believe they would be paid for materials and that there were seemingly insurmountable difficulties between them and Multiplex. A sustained input from a steelwork subcontractor could have greatly influenced the timely completion of the project but eventually CB had to be replaced with all attending problems of a new project team member. Health and Safety problems: In March 2006, a temporary roof support fell by over half resulting in the evacuation of all construction workers and delay of work. Another accident occurred January 2004 resulting in the death of one construction worker and the injury of another when a platform collapsed without warning, trapping the men underneath (http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/wembley/) Poor Performance by Cleveland Bridge: Delays were caused by CB as not all the steel sent to China could be fabricated in time to comply with the programme. So the steel sent to China was often shipped back to England with most not fabricated. Furthermore the steel sent to site was often missing crucial pieces (meaning it could not be erected) or else was untagged with the consequence that site staff could not identify the relevant pieces of steel (TCC, 2006). Poor Supervision by Sports England: The Government was less than happy with the level of supervision offered by Sport England. It stated that Sport Englands performance in monitoring the progress of the project has been lack, slovenly and supine. This ultimately resulted in supply team missing the focal point of the project right from the beginning and before long, a lot was out of hand (Wembley Stadium into Injury Time, 2002). Poor Stakeholder management: In a statement by The House of Commons Culture, Media and Sports Committee, it blamed some of the problems encountered on the project on poor stakeholder management. It said, the project had been undermined by the fundamental failure to include all representatives at the outset in planning the redevelopment (www.publications.parliament.uk). The resignation of Ken Bates in 2001 as chairman of WNSL gives a further hint. He cited a lack of support from the board and that he had been undermined by senior figures within both the government and the FA. He remarkably said, Even Jesus Christ only had one Pontius Pilate I had a whole team of them. (www.forbes.com). 3.0 The Problems Encountered: The Role of Project Management Project Management (PM) is the . . . application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to project activities to achieve project requirements. (PMBoK, 2004). This same theme runs through other standards for PM including BS6079 and ISO 10006. Suffice it for now to say that PM is the managerial responsibility and actions involved in completing a project on time, in budget and to the specified quality standards, in accordance with the traditional performance criteria. The role of PM in the Wembley project will now be appraised under some of the key knowledge areas identified in the PMBoK. 3.1 Project Scope Management This involves developing a scope statement that will define the boundaries of the project and verify the amount of work to be done. PM uses such tools as brainstorming, fast diagrams, Value Management workshops to define the project. This is because if you have the wrong definition, you may come up with the right solution-to the wrong problem!(Lewis, 2007). If scope definition is not holistically carried out, major changes such as those experienced on Wembley may occur later and cause delays, cost variations leading to claims and litigations. This, I believe, was the akiles heel of this iconic project. Where change becomes inevitable, PM should manage them to protect the project from the effects of scope creep. Wembley failed in this area resulting in the considerable cost and time overruns. Lewis (2007) rightly said, I have become convinced that projects seldom fail at the end. Rather, they fail at the definition stage. 3.2 Project Time Management PM adorns itself with yet another accolade of being able to effectively estimate time frame for projects realistically and defining work packages and milestone to achieve this target. It employs one of its popular tools of Critical Path Method and scheduling in this respect. Many softwares including Primavera and MS Project have also been developed to helped in the management of time. Kaming (1997), Elinwa (2001) and Aibini (2006) however reveal that the occurrence of time overruns is high and that overruns can occur of projects irrespective of its size. Wembley was no exception. Some of the disputes, changes, cash flow problems, design problems etc. that caused resulted in the project being delivered in 10 months late and the subsequent changing of the FA Cup finals to Wales could have been avoided through effective project time management. PM should have helped to come out with a realistic duration for the project. 3.3 Project Cost Management This involves estimating the cost of all resources and such things as travel and other support details. After this is done, costs are budgeted and tracked to keep the project within that budget (Rad, 2002). This is very important in PM as the first question most clients ask is how much will it cost? It is the duty of the PM to realistically determine what it will cost to achieve a particular scope. The tough question then arises. Was Wembleys initial cost of  £445million realistic? Why did cost rise astronomically to  £757million at completion? The project even had to be stalled into injury time just to seek additional funding. Why couldnt PM prevent this? Much of the blame lies squarely on PMs failure to realistically estimate cost at conception. 3.4 Project Communications Management This is the processes required to ensure timely and appropriate generation, collection, dissemination, storage, and disposition of project information. (PMBoK, 2004). Multiplex  claims it was not given access to vital design information and that this led to increased steelwork costs. Mott MacDonald on the other hand dismisses this saying, Multiplex was aware of the state of design, having managed the design process and having been intimately involved in the design work (TCC, 2006). PM is supposed to create a smooth communication interface between all parties to forestall these misunderstandings. 3.5 Project Procurement Management This helps in selecting the most appropriate contractors and suppliers, administers the contract as well as form the best working relationships between all parties to achieve project goals. The Public Accounts Committee (2003-04), stated that Best procurement practice has not been followed on what is a high profile project PM should have also salvaged the problem between Mott, Cleveland and Multiplex before it got out of hand, resulting in Cleveland walking away from the project with its attending problems. More also, it is known that competitive tendering and cost as a selection criteria has produced poor results in construction over the years and PM should have helped in designing the best procurement approach to prevent the problems (Egan, 1998). The contract used for the project was fixed cost method in which the client cleverly shirks risk to the contractor. This form of contract invariably results in creating an adversarial environment with where each party involved focuses their attentions on the needs and risks of their businesses as opposed to those of the project (Morriss, P. and Hollis, A., 2005).This may well be another area that grossly affected the results on Wembley and effective PM should have prevented this. 3.6 Stakeholder Management: Freeman and McVea (2001) describe this function as looking out from the firm or project and identifying, and investing in all the relationships that will ensure long-term success. At concept stage, this is used to collect views of all interested parties, especially those of end users who usually hold vital information that may be critical to the design, function and success of a project. If this was effectively done, it would have prevented the acrimony that grew between some of the contractors and would have saved the project from unnecessary delays and increased cost of replacing Cleveland Bridge. It would have helped to produce the best fitting design as well as sort out the fact that athletics, football and rugby in the same venue would present a lot of technical and functional difficulties at the design stage saving the project from about 8 months of redesign. 3.7 Site Management: Chan (1997) showed that out of 8 group factors that caused delays in construction projects, poor site management and supervision was amongst the top five. The accusations and counter-accusations during the hearing at the Technology and Construction Court between Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge gives us yet another glimpse into an area of failure of PM on Wembley. The site was poorly managed as it was littered with random pieces of steel that had been delivered in the wrong order and a significant quantity of steel was sitting on trailers adjacent to the site or around the perimeter. This had the potential of disrupting flow of activities and even causing accidents (TCC, 2006). 4.0 The Actions and MeasureS that should have been taken The influential Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) reports called for new approaches to construction- one in which client leadership is key and where there is greater collaborative working between firms within the construction supply chain. Egan summarised five key drivers of change namely committed leadership; a focus on the customer; integrated processes and teams; a quality driven agenda; and a commitment to people. Some of the necessary actions and measures that should have been taken is now presented below: 4.1 Key Client Leadership: The new Terminal Five at Heathrow is a widely acclaimed example of current construction best practice. The approach was unique and tailored to the very needs of the project i.e. the client took a level of ownership of project thus creating a clear vision for how it wanted the project delivered and also staying close enough to the project from inception to completion (Brady, 2008). Latham (1994) recommended that the client should be at the core of the construction process because clients [essentially] drive best practice. Egan (1998). The Client in the Wembley Stadium project was the Football Association and thus should have: stayed close enough to the project, monitoring it and to make sure things dont go out of hand; ensured that major changes to the scope of works was frozen at a particular point on the project or avoided altogether. These changes often result in dispute, delays and extra expense; made sure that adequate funding was secured for the project before it even begun and that the estimation of both time and cost were realistically carried out; come out with clear, concise, realistic and unambiguous objectives at the conception of the project involving all necessary stakeholders so that major changes, such as those that were experienced, could be avoided; shared in risk of development/construction rather than cleverly shoving it to contractors. 4.2 The Heathrow Method: Terminal 5 was an audacious development project that involved more than 60 contractors and 16 major projects. British Airways Authority (BAA) adopted a unique approach to the project to make sure it is completed both on time and within budget. It used an innovative form of cost-reimbursable contract the T5 Agreement under which BAA holds all the risks associated with the project rather than transferring the risks to external suppliers and guarantees a level of pro ¬Ã‚ t for suppliers. (Brady, 2008). The Agreement included an incentive payment for contractors that achieved a certain level of performance. It decided to reimburse the costs of delivery and to reward exceptional performance and punish mediocre and poor performance only in terms of pro ¬Ã‚ tability. This created some sort of win-win environment for all parties and motivated the contractors to focus their attention on the needs of the project and collectively solve problems rather than concen trate on their own business risks and interests. These are the fundamental reasons why T5 achieved the laudable success of staying within budget and cost at completion. Cleveland would not have walked out of the job if it was given firm assurance of re-imbursement of cost incurred. The contracts should have been designed with an approach that offered incentives to all, for improvement in cost, time or quality and not in an adversarial environment associated with fixed cost contracts. 4.3 Integrating the Supply chain: Both Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) underscored the importance of using integrated teams to realise project goals. The T5 approach used by BAA combined two main principles: the client always bears the risk; and partners are worth more than suppliers. It provides an appropriate environment for integrated team working [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] to enable suppliers to work effectively and focus on meeting the projects objectives not only in relation to the traditional time, budget, and quality measures but also in relation to safety and environmental targets (Brady, 2008). By doing that you take away negativity, allow space for innovation and create any opportunity for people to perform at levels they havent been allowed to before (Mylius, 2005). 4.4 Involvement of end users: End users often hold vital information as they are usually in a better position to comment on the detailed requirements for a building than senior management who may not even be the occupants of the building when it is completed. After all, the users have first hand experience of what makes a building successful or otherwise (Menches, 2008). By the use of such methods as focus groups, value management workshops and major surveys, the issue of athletics, rugby and football in the same venue could have been resolved even before any detailed design and thus eliminating the extensive delays and cost implications it had on the project (Barrett, P., and Stanley, C., 1999). 4.5 Use of a Project bank: In an attempt to integrate project teams in an atmosphere of trust, collaboration and openness, the National Audit Office (NAO) of the UK suggested the use of a project bank account. To ensure better construction, it said, suppliers [require] greater certainty that they will be paid on time to re-enforce the trust that should exist between all parties for collaborative working to operate effectively. This was endorsed by the Specialist Contractors who indicated that payments for the project delivery team should be protected and secure, which would, in turn, significantly reduce disputes and, more importantly, will encourage closer working relationships between all parties. (Parliamentary Newsletter, Issue 3, Spring/Summer 2006). 4.6 Best Project Management Practice: At the execution level, much of the problems that occurred on the project could have been avoided or its impact attenuated if best project management practice was adopted by all especially Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge. Problems of poor site management practice, poor or incorrect fabrication of steel, design change management and communication could have been arrested with proper planning, organisation and control. 4.7 Careful Monitoring: Projects rarely stay on track in terms of time and cost. the more likely occurrence is that projects will be behind schedule yet over budget at any point in time. Good project management carefully and critically appraises all factors that a likely to push a project off schedule (Office of Government Commerce, 2005). Monitoring progress carefully and instigating timely corrective actions by both WNSL, Multiplex as well as the FA, would have helped identify the likely impact of any problems so that action can be taken to get the project back on track. 5.0 Conclusion Experience is a great asset to professionals practicing in any discipline, whether that experience comes from success or failure and whoever fails to learn from his mistakes is doomed to repeat them. Some of the key lessons on Wembley Stadium is thus now summarised below: Adequate time and effort needs to be invested in the strategic planning phase of every project to come out with clear, realistic, and unambiguous project objectives; Project team must engage effectively with users and other external stakeholders especially at the concept stage of any scheme to save the project from major changes with its attending problems; Construction procurement must move away from competitive tendering and cost as the selection criteria and develop procedures that use performance and team partnering and capability; Contracts must be designed to provide incentive to all for cost and time improvement and also forge a win-win environment between clients and supply chain members; Enough resources have to be made available for the project based on realistic estimates; Clients must assume central roles in projects for they essentially drive best practice; Continual change in project requirements and scope can be very detrimental for the project; Dysfunctional relationships and fragmentation can turn a perfect project scheme into a complete chaos and thus project teams must operate as a cohesive unit, with clear allocation of roles and responsibilities. Finally, it is evident, at least from the Wembley Stadium project that a poor knowledge and a lack awareness of the fundamental project management skills by the client can lead to failure as clients essentially drive best practice. An effective and successful outcome of project management on any project in most cases will only be achieved if both the client and the contractor or project management organisations are effective in the skills of project management. A poor client organisation, in terms of project management, may well drive a good project manager and his team into poor performance. Agreeably, it may not be a panacea due to many circumstances and occurrences that may well be out of its control. However, Project Management stands the chance of producing laudable results if the construction industry stopped treating it casually and unprofessionally but rigorously apply the great worth of knowledge and experience its gathered over the past years, through both its success and failure stories.

Religion :: essays research papers

MY RELIGION Religion was a small part of my family when I was young. I remember getting dressed in a pretty dress and jelly shoes every Sunday morning. Attending a small Baptist church located in the country on a windy, dirt road was our assumed religion. Sometimes my mother and I would go or my favorite sister would take me. However, when my mother would take me and my sisters, there were instances when my mother would flee from the church to the van, for what reason, then I did not know. Of course, I would run only to find her to be in the van with tears streaming down her cheeks and smoking a cigarette. I never understood the meaning until I grew older and learned of the unrighteous things she had done in the past. The preacher’s sermon would attack her conscience terribly. I believe my mom wanted her kids to know about the Creator and endured the ‘mental pain’ to complete the task. Soon enough when I turned twelve, things changed and we did not attend church that regularl y and eventually leading to not at all. In middle school, I made a friend, Kelly, who attended church every Sunday. My mom did not frown upon me being with her so I would spend some Saturday nights with Kelly and wake up to attend church with her. It was great fun because there was a band and they made it lively. Unfortunately, Kelly moved away and we lost touch completely and I did not attend church again until I met my husband thirteen years later. A long time, yes I know! To be upfront, he is an Atheist and has been through a lot of ordeals in his life and blames God for it so no matter how many times I try to steer him into believing, it fails. His father attends Easter service every year in a Presbyterian church and always asks us to come. I always do and I bring along our son who is now three-years-old. I know he does not understand but I want for him what I had when I was younger.

The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." Poe was brought up partly in England (1815-20), where he attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. Later it became the setting for his story 'William Wilson'. Since Poe was never legally adopted, he took Allan's name for his middle name. Poe attended the University of Virginia (1826-27), but was expelled for not paying his gambling debts. His expulsion led to a quarrel with All an, who refused to pay the debts. Allan later disowned him. In 1826 Poe became engaged to Elmira Royster, but her parents broke off the engagement. During his stay at the university, Poe wrote some stories, but not much is known of his beginning works. In 1827 Poe joined the U.S. Army as a common soldier under an assumed name, Edgar A. Perry. He was sent to Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which provided settings for his tales 'The Gold Bug' (1843) and 'The Balloon Hoax' (1844). Tamerlane and O... The Life and Work of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to parents who were traveling actors. His father David Poe Jr. died probably in 1810. Elizabeth Hopkins Poe died in 1811, leaving three children. Edgar was taken into the home of a merchant from Richmond named John Allan. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie later became insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." Poe was brought up partly in England (1815-20), where he attended Manor School at Stoke Newington. Later it became the setting for his story 'William Wilson'. Since Poe was never legally adopted, he took Allan's name for his middle name. Poe attended the University of Virginia (1826-27), but was expelled for not paying his gambling debts. His expulsion led to a quarrel with All an, who refused to pay the debts. Allan later disowned him. In 1826 Poe became engaged to Elmira Royster, but her parents broke off the engagement. During his stay at the university, Poe wrote some stories, but not much is known of his beginning works. In 1827 Poe joined the U.S. Army as a common soldier under an assumed name, Edgar A. Perry. He was sent to Sullivan's Island, South Carolina, which provided settings for his tales 'The Gold Bug' (1843) and 'The Balloon Hoax' (1844). Tamerlane and O...

Examining History :: essays research papers

It is imporatant to carefully examine history in order to learn from previous mistakes, and also to ensure that the same mistakes are not repeated. The Manhattan project is an excellent example. This program allowed the United States to unleash the power of the atom, thus, introducing a new and devastating element into warfare. Although they managed to come in first in the race with Germany, the U.S. bears the responsibility of having introduced the atomic bomb, and have the blood on their hands from the use of it. It is obvious that the U.S. reaped the benefits by introducing the bomb, because no one else had the chance to use it on them. However, it is imperative to realize that when they dropped the bomb they became hypocrates. They did not want it used on them, but were eager to use it on another country. Actually, the U.S. had trouble deciding who to use it on. However, when a target was selected, the results were devastating. There were 170,000 people killed in Hiroshima alone and in Nagasaki, estimates say, nearly 70,000 died. After the bomb was dropped, the resulting radiation killed nearly 70,000 people. The Manhattan Project and the use of the atomic bomb were unfortunate products of a scientific breakthrough and a frantic race; which resulted in a revolution in warfare. The Manhattan Project originated from the Army Corps of Engineers, this division was originally named the Manhattan District. The later name, The Manhattan Project, encompassed the district, the scientific, the governmental and the strategic aspects (4:9). In 1941 President Roosevelt and several American scientists began work on the project (1:1). The bomb was never reffered to as the "atomic bomb" it was referred to as "a new weapon of unusual destructive force" (13:74). The main hub of acivity for this project was in New Mexico, the program lasted from 1942 to 1946. The total cost was nearly 2 billion dollars (1:3). Another important aspect to this program was the secrecy invovlved. It was said that "loose lips sink ships" (13:37). According to Roosevelt the only people who knew about the program at it's conception were Vice President Wallace, the Speaker of the House, the Democratic Leader of the Senate Mr. Barkley, and the Chairman of the Appropriations Committee for the House and Senate (11:27). As time went on it was still kept very quiet, most cabinet members and even more congressmen did not know about it (1:3).

Hrm 556

Course: Human Resources Management 346 Assignment: Integration and Application Questions (1-4) Week: 4 Name: Date: January 30, 2010 1(a): Which company do you think needs to be more concerned about recruiting? Why? After reading both integrative cases I feel that Lincoln needs to be the most concerned with recruiting. Lincoln Electric only post for entry level position externally this does not help them to build enough brand recognition within the communities that they serve.When an organization has strong brand recognition they are able to generate a large applicant flow. For example, 2006, Southwest hired 3,633 people, but received 280,000 applications. 1(b): What should be the objectives of each company’s recruiting efforts? Relate the recruiting objectives to each company’s strategic objective. The objectives for SWA should be to keep the focus on maintaining the reputation for having an employee friendly culture. This will continue to help SWA attract and retain em ployee friendly applicants/employees.Lincoln Electric on the other hand, needs to do a little more work with their recruiting process. I do not feel that it is wise to solely rely on promote from within strategy to fill skill positions. I have seen this happen in a previous organization that I worked for, they only hired externally for entry level positions. The promotion from within did improve employee morale however it did not help sometimes when we had to select from our internal candidates for management positions that did not necessarily have the skills for. Leadership skills can not be taught.However, I do believe they can be improved by further training. 1(c): Which company is most likely to have the most difficult time creating a large pool of qualified applicants? Explain your reasoning. I feel that Lincoln Electric would have the most difficulty in creating a large pool of applicants. Lincoln Electric post’s every job opening internally which limits the organizatio n to their internal workforce only. With this being the process I do not feel that this allows the organization the opportunity to build brand recognition in the community.In addition, the only jobs that they permit for external hiring is for entry level positions. Even though they have great success in the Cleveland market yielding low turnover rates of less than four percent high employee and customer satisfaction they will need to revisit their current recruitment strategy to prepare for future growth. In addition, it was mentioned that they experienced some challenges when they expanded operations globally and in other markets outside of Cleveland with recruitment. (d): For each company, describe the practices that are most likely to influence employee turnover. Does low turnover contribute to the success of these companies? Explain For Southwest Airlines the forces that have led to SW’s turnover is possibly due to employing those that are not a â€Å"good fit† int o the company’s culture. SW places a lot of emphasis on delivering superior customer service and for every employee to deliver on a daily basis can be challenging. Lincoln Electric turnover would probably be due to the number of internal candidates that compete for growth opportunities.I feel that once an employee who is seeking greater responsibility does not get it they will eventually leave. Furthermore, I do think that because of the low turnover for both company’s it has afforded them the opportunity to be successful in their perspective industry. Whenever any company experience low turnover they are always able to maintain productivity, customer satisfaction and maintain positive employee morale. In addition, when turnover is high they lose productivity first, they have to replace that exiting employee and then second they have to get the new employee trained which takes time.

The Ethics of Frankenstein

To say that higher-up Frankenstein is an wrong psyche is an understatement. He tot eithery doesnt look at rough ethics. He plainly discover that he was doing barely aboutthing very wrong unless when he had already through it. If the masses around overlord Frankenstein had k straightn nearly what he was doing, then he would by completely odds run out of friends and plurality leave hate him so much. Any champion pull up stakes authentic be offended if they discover what Frankenstein was doing. What superscript Frankenstein had done whitethorn be sickish to several(prenominal), but not everyone. Some weigh it as a foreshadowing of advancements in science, when men keister really dramatic p invest perfection.Mary Shelleys Frankenstein is a ball ren beared impertinent. It is a story almost what could mankind achieve if science send away somewhat keep up with deity in his majesty. The fictional project of maestro Frankenstein to infuse spirit on an breatht aking corpse could have possibly been the frenzy for many scientific breakthroughs of forthwith. These breakthroughs imply robotics and cloning. besides the figment also tells us of what could be the ethical consequences of such advancements. victor Frankenstein use gone human being and reinvigorate being body parts to create a existing organism. In the previous sentence alone, we could already unearth three ethical violations. He has violated the dead, some(prenominal) human and animal rights, and the most controversial of all he played God.The dead is considered sacred by virtually every culture. It is highly unethical to violate the dead not to summon that thither exist many laws about violating the departed. It is comm lonesome(prenominal) regarded that the dead should be left-hand(a) at peace. Frankenstein had dug them from their resting place for the sake of his project of infusing lifetime into an inanimate body. He had treated the dead with no respect. The d ead body parts were just staccato all around his place. He make up entreated the dead the lifeless thing that lay at my feet (Shelley 39). He just pose the dead body parts all around resembling a dismal rag.It is the right of every man to be left at peace, especially the dead. And no one has the right to steal. Victor had by all odds stolen the bodies from their resting places. Victor Frankenstein had clearly neglected these base human rights so it wouldnt be more of a surprise if he violated animal rights. I hurt a living animal to animate the lifeless clay? (Shelley 36). What Victor Frankenstein had done is much like what big companies do now. They use animals in testing some of their product. They confine the poor animals and deprive them of their freedom. That is because their only sense of freedom is financial freedom. Because just like Victor Frankenstein, they think that as humans they have control separate forms of life.It is a clich to say that humans of all time play god. The scientists of today are now performing ethically controversial procedures like human cloning. Mary Shelley had sh witness in her novel that very human trait of lacking(p) to play god. Victor Frankenstein said himself A new species shall bless me as his author (Shelley 36). As a matter of situation Victor Frankenstein was so into the pretend god thing that he had said to himself that a new species would recognize him as its reason and source many happy and elegant natures would owe their being to him (Shelley 36).It could also be possible that Mary Shelley urgencyed to look for the issue of im perniciousity. Many colossal personalities end-to-end history had sought immortality. All had miserably failed. It is possible that Victor Frankenstein had recognized this want so he purview that his experiments could gift the possibilities for immortality. Just like the genetic engineers of today who are willing to violate some ethical standards just to achieve a clu e if immortality is really possible. Scientists like Victor Frankenstein himself are driven to do whatsoever it takes to find such discovery. This is because they go to sleep that immortality is what everyone wants. They know everyone wants to live forever especially the profuse who are wiling to spend fortunes just for them to stupefy unto their material possessions.Even if we disregard the trust element in the topic of humans playacting god, we would still find playing god as highly unethical. The scientist of today knows that when they perform cloning in humans, there could be abnormalities, and the clone has to live with those abnormalities. That is on the dot what happened in the novel. The wight despised his own appearance and he has no one else to blame but his origin. Oh No mortal could possibly support the horror of that sanctionit became a thing such as Dante could not have conceived (Shelley 40). The zoology was of great ugliness its unearthly ugliness rendered as almost too horrid for the human eye (Shelley 77). The savage hated his creator but only because his creator hated him first. This hate-hate relationship just complicated both the lives of the creator and the creature.We fire also include here creation ethics. We have all heard of various creation stories, from the ledger and from mythologies. In this creation stories the humans were forever and a day created by the divine. That is because these stories recognize that humans cant really answer the interrogation where did we come from? Humans have thought of our origin ever since we began to think. And still up to this era of modern science, the origin of life still remains a mystery. possibly it is juts beyond human comprehension, thats wherefore there is the divine. mayhap we cant really get exact calculations. Maybe its even beyond math and logic. The novel just tells us that we can never find any dependable in us playing god. We must acknowledge the fact that we are n ot gods, we are not perfect. The author of the novel herself recognized the fact that God is divinely superior to humans. She regarded God as a perfect creature. (Shelley 105)A very enkindle ethical was posed by the creature in the novel. What are the ethical issues that may arise if the created is killed by the creator? kitty we categorize that as maul? The creature wanting to end his miserable stylized life told Victor Frankenstein You would not call it murder if you could precipitate me into one of those ice-rifts, and deflower my frame, the work of your own hands (Shelley 119). The creature could be ethically correct since the interpretation of murder is taking away the life of other living being.After that interpretation of murder, people would follow that up with only God can claim a life. People say that because they believe in a divine plan. They believe that God claims a life because he has his reasons. And since people view God as perfect, His reasons will eer be e thically correct. In that sense, God can never be a killer even though He is the one who decides on who is firing to get killed. But that scenario is very several(predicate) in divine proportions when it comes to the case of Victor Frankenstein and genetic engineers.Murder will always be unethical. When we heard of a murder we always feel something deep in spite of appearance being shaken. Its like a mix of emotions that are predominantly consternation and empathy. But just like God, Victor Frankenstein and genetic engineers may have their own reasons for murdering their creation, however imperfect those reasons are heedless of being ethically right or wrong.Work CitedShelley, Mary. Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus The 1818 Text. dough Chicago UP,1982.

Marketing Plan: Product and Performance Essay

As individuals become more conscious of your product, make certain they have easy to not only your own product, but to information concerning the item also.The cellular phone is easy to carry, manages schedules, and can perform all the business related tasks. The size itself has become important apart from mobility. The concept that we how are launching is of a radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can wear it as a fashion accessory. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television and internet.The item needs to be technologically feasible.20 are extremely popular within the target market. The major target market for our product is the age between 15 and 26. According to the statistics, 30 million Pakistanis how are aged between 15 and 24. Considered in the context of total population (approx.

Think beyond the box, if you wish to launch check your merchandise into the market with a bang.This generation is the technologically accessorized generation, with everything hanging from their clothes, from cell phones to CD players, and computers are a way of life. This is a branded generation, brand names, association with the great life and other different symbols are important. The emerging concept of brand association amongst teens and adults, and awareness will make our product more appealing to the customers. Our Primary objective is to achieve get our product recognized and make the consumers to get performance of the product way much better than their expectations.For instance, you might provide a product that is quality that is high at even a support that is flexible or a premium cost.The higher secondary data for our assignment came from the internet, newspapers and magazines.Current Market Situation:The current market situation is that from the cheapest of cellular phones to the most expensive, every smart phone has at least a radio in it that works from earphones that do the job of an antenna or the smart phones carry wireless radio connectivity. Other than that most phones have music players. In such a market where mobile phones are treated as a necessity from quite a long while we’d enter with a product that has a awful lot of internal memory, long batter and works hand in hand with the fashion.

Even if your merchandise is the most recent economic advancement in the business it is likely to result in complete failure if theres no effective route to get to the target group of consumers.The basic concept that we are launching is of an earring radio and music player which is latest in the sense that you can abrasive wear it as a fashion accessory. We are  launching it under the brand name LAPCA. Radio is considered to be one of the most important media apart from television logical and internet. The major source in use during cricket matches, exercising in the morning and during traveling for work or school.Paid political Advertising How you promote your product is as vital as distribution.People would not need to get their ears pierced to wear long earrings and we bring music player and radio attached to such a small earpiece that would not be noticed much (like the other offerings of attached Bluetooth insert earphones that appear too large).Objectives and issues:Incr ease the profits by at least 10% in the first year of the launch. Issue: How to significant increase the awareness amongst customers about this product?To create 10% market share for the product and to work to improve it further. Issue: What great measure to take to identify the potential customers of the product in the market?To identify 5 potential outlets where to place the product initially.

Each approach good will be different consistent with service or the merchandise youre offering.We will market our product through multiple segment strategy, as we are be targeting GEN X and GEN Y belonging to upper class and upper middle class of our society. Through integral multiple marketing, Moby X can achieve market position as because it is a product which provides mobility, style and fulfills the needs of the consumers.Moby X is a part of the clinical most reliable and trusted technologies belonging to LAPCO which is using Japanese latest technology in it which would further strengthens the reputation it would acquire. Now days, how there is a growing trend of adopting the inimitable style which people will definitely feel after purchasing the product.Following that, you ought to be aware of customers will assign to your merchandise.Market Positioning:Moby X has been positioned in the customers mind as a part of their lifestyle it impeccable suited their personality. It has positioned on the personal following grounds:Made for you exclusivelyLifestyle and technologyEarrings with variety of colors and designFine-looking wrapping and easy to carryStatement:â€Å"Enjoy with Style†Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Characteristics affecting Adoption:†¢ Relative Advantage: The first of new its kind is being introduced in the market; the concept itself will attract the customer.†¢ Compatibility: Moby X higher range of frequency will make it easier to add main channel and thus more value to the product. Secondly, memory of 20GB to carry your songs and making of playlists.

Marketing is a fundamental important part of business achievement.Age:Our product caters to women ranging from age 15-26 yrs old. Moreover, through our advertisements we have portrayed an active woman who is cold working out or busy in kitchen chores.Occupation:Moby X targets women belonging to each and every type of occupation whether it is a housewife, student logical and working women.Income:Our product Moby X caters to upper class and upper middle class.At times it is helpful to look at recent publication marketing as what it is actually a enterprise.SWOT AnalysisStrengthensBeing first of its kind to be launched in the marketThe smaller sizeThe mobilityThe attractive package and demo included in the gadgetThe exquisite location of electronic gadget’s other outlets in different mallsEasy to useIn accordance with the latest fashionAttractive mix of radio and music player hand in hand as a same fashion accessory Japanese technology, one of the most reliable manufactures WeaknessLimited warrantyRequires proper maintenanceBatteries are to be charged according to usage level thus requires cost to keep the little gadget workingOpportunitiesThe customers are fond of accessories which can help extend our accessories from earrings to rings, bracelets and necklace fair Hearing radio can replace the care tapes as being mobile and fashionable in nature Being a new product creating a new market the competition is minimized to a first great extent The distinctive attributes will outweigh the element of high price The opening of the new malls throughout the country with better electronic outlets will provide a better location to display the gadget There is an opportunity for line extensionNew technology is in its growing stage which helps attract customers with new its distinctive attributes The interests of teenagers in acquiring latest technology will further increase the market share Computer system placed at the electronic outlets could self help provide fr ee demos of the product at the outlet A survey at the outlet about the buying experience of the product and after sale experience can great help make the product more effective and increased customer satisfaction The smaller size and mobility if appreciated could provide line extension for the productThreatsThe electronic market is still under developed in PakistanThe fluctuating electronic logical and political conditions of the country can hinder the sale of the product Less awareness amongst the public about the electronic items The training of sales person for the productCompetitors can come up start with a similar and better product before our product is established The higher price of the product could lead to duplicate products in the market The health conscious people could negative resist the productThe fashion conscious people may not take the initiative to buy the productThe analytical buyerMarketing Environments (PEST ANALYSIS)Political:The fluctuating political environm ent in the country can be dangerous. Since the gross product being developed is manufactured in another country the support of the government is required to keep the government conditions in import and export stable logical and to strengthen relationships with the other country to grow the business further. Economical:The product that is being launched is an expensive product the economic conditions will determine the national income or the buying power of the consumer which indirectly will determine whether the people would be willing on the products that are not part of their basic needs.Social:Since the product is an earring radio and music player which would be fixed in an earring placed quite close to the ear can be considered as dangerous unlooked for the ear.

Your marketing program should begin with an executive summary.Moby X direct competitors are small radios (ear piece) and new mp3 players that can fit in ear easily.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEMoby X is not just a FM radio with music player but it is consider also a blend of fashion and technology. Long lasting Japanese battery gives it an edge over other mini radios logical and music players that have maximum life of 2-48 hours on continuous use. Providing maximum FM band range from 87-108 MHz among new its competitors who offer mini radios with FM band 88-108 MHz Furthermore, adding value to the music player with 20GB built-in memory which wouldn’t look small for at least 10-15 years from now.You want a marketing program, to increase your organization.Channel and former logisticA value delivery network is made up of the company, suppliers, distributors and ultimately customers. Here will be a layer of intermediaries that good will perform work in bringing our product and its o wnership closer to the final buyer. For our earring local radio and music player we will have both a direct and indirect marketing channel. We will have a customer marketing channel.

Marketing own plans are included in business plans, offering data demonstrating investors the way the corporation will increase and first and foremost how they how are going to guarantee a return on investment.LEVELS OF PRODUCTCore ProductMoby X provides a solution to its users that connect them to the global world and at the thk same time add value to their beauty. It is smallest in size but greater in quality and style that’s what the consumers want. Actual ProductMoby X, an earring radio and a music player.Augmented ProductCustomers are provided with the free demos of the product on computer system installed at the outlets and for further understanding, instruction booklet is also provided with Moby X.In addition, it can be explained as a method which helps a business to choose the best common use of its assets to achieve corporate aims.PRODUCT COMPOSITIONProduct Quality:Moby X works great, everywhere in the world, under brand name LAPCO using Japanese microchip techn ology logical and providing the FM band from 87 to 108 MHz’s Stereo-sound is really excellent plus 3-years money back warranty is also given. Product Features:Push-button Auto Seek new Microchip Technology so you can immediately and perfectly tune in stations (Automatic FM Tuning).Provides high quality stereo sound.Long last many Japanese battery included.

Seemingly, however good it is, a plan cant implement itself.Ideal for use in parties, sports, travels, hiking, working, Jogging, bike riding, boating, fishing, picnics, reading, camping, skate boarding, gift giving, foot and vehicle surveillance, to pass the time while waiting for subject, anywhere, everywhere, in the form of earring as simple microchip (radio). A music player main memory of 20GB built-in.Product Style and Design:It comes in many splendid colors with different style for female. It is designed in a way so as to increase portability.The advertising program would then summarize the objectives which need to be achieved in order to achieve the fifteen percent increase.Packaging:Moby X what comes in a square and heart shaped gift box.Labeling:All the important information is mentioned on the label. The label contains the name of the product, name of the manufacturer and distributors, warranty limit, warnings, guidelines on usage.Product Support:A booklet on guideline s regarding the product is provided with Moby X.

Done properly, your advertising plan is currently going to be the detailed roadmap you follow enhance the achievement of your company and to acquire customers.The price is aligned with other marketing mix covering the promotion, placement and product.Cost:The political organization has tried to achieve economies of scale but not the cost of quality. The cost is being monitored and is kept to a minimum by choosing the best second deals given by the supplier and managing the cost accordingly.Organizational Considerations:The price set has been influenced by different functions of the organization including the finance, manufacturer, sales logical and marketing and the higher  management.With your promotion plan bundle, you will have the ability to construct a advertising and marketing program.44ZI AM Radio Rs. 8405Tiny FM Radios (China Toy Factory Inc)Rs.1200Mini Mp3sRs. 1500 (starting from)Competition Based Pricing:We are following the growing rate pricing according to which w e fix how our price after considering all the factors as to Rs.

PROMOTIONMoby X being a new product in the market would require intensive advertising. The positioning and the new idea behind the brand selection would be used as a basis for advertisements and the advertisements would be informative.ADVERTISINGRadio:Radio FM channels would be able to attract the major cream who could use our product and create a positive word of mouth for others. Since they being the regular radio good listeners would be excited to use this product as they could carry the radio with them.Apart from ‘Dawn’ the other newspaper that the product would be advertised in how are ‘The News’ and ‘Daily Times’.Magazines:Moby X being a technology product it would be advertised in magazines as ‘SHE’ a leading magazine. Another magazine that is famous amongst out flat major target segment the teens is ‘Young Times’. It is Dubai based magazine is especially for kids.Television:The few major channels as HUM TV and GEO TV will be given the task to advertise the product.Websites:Msn.com/Click on line a website providing information regarding new technologies, funmaza.com a famous website viewed by most of the Pakistanis and Apniisp.Action ProgramsJuly: We good will launch a sales promotion campaign in Karachi city which should be estimated at around RS. 2 Million. During this period our main aim is to make the consumers aware of the product through excessive adverts it is  essential for us to educate our dealers and consumers properly. Our main conscious awareness campaigns will be concentrated toward the television and internet it will fix in a relatively low and economical budget.

Help Seeking Behavior Health And Social Care Essay

ii describe flaks of rubeolas in pas blether protect mountainous countries were investigated below devil re furthertocksmarine centres, videlicet , Sailli and Sarah. In Sailli, the connitty-grittymate ascertain of re haves were 51 with general charge assess-6 % ( stimulate particular(prenominal) AR- masculine 12 % dapple egg-producing(prenominal) 7 % ) 4 and in Sarah on that point were 18 slightons in firm with general gush rate as 4.2 % ( charge up unique(predicate) AR- man desire 6.94 % and the distaff person 7.2 % ) 5. tot solelyy the rule unhurrieds be acheed to 5 of epoch(predicate) enormous epochs conjugation get a unyielding sort ( slog beingness 5 venerable climb ons to 17 gray sequences ) during the full stop from folk to November, cc6. The decease describe eruption of rubeolas in the choke up was 8-9 ancient come a spaciouss ago. During the uniform gunpoint no much(prenominal)(prenominal) eruptions were acc ount from some(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) give ups at heart the stain. Hence, a appraise was chthonic infrastand with the aims ( 1 ) To testify the uph octogenarian pursuit deportment of womanish p atomic number 18nts of chaffs with and with turn pop rubeolas and the factors associated with it and ( 2 ) To nervous impulse detach let oning travel to foreknow and postulate far eruptions.MATERIALS AND METHODSFor this passel an in-depth recap of the publications on the incite want deportment of distaff pargonnts and later(prenominal) factors associated with rubeolas eruptions enabled dissolveax of special issues/factors. galore(postnominal) factors ar trainingrm to be associated with rubeolas much(prenominal) as geographic t bulge sur reflexion ensembley demanding cragged countries, scummy socio- sparing strata with unemployment marginalized championdivisions live plan classs/tribes illiteracy, overcrowding, benefactive role tie in issues exchangeable assistance want de symboliseor of womanly pargonnts connection/m new(prenominal)(a)s article of corporate trusts and barriers of populate try health/ serving from the local anesthetic anaesthetic chelllas/quacks/ hamlet elders/relatives/ neighbours/ /friends6.( A ) memorise frame A relative contemplate.( B ) get a line menstruation quaternionteenth Nov. , to quadteenth Feb. , 2008.( C ) guinea pig kingdom numbfish centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur throw inze come proscribed ( measles eruption open(a) ) and sub centres M solelyan and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan ( morbilli not capable ) neighboring down of grunge Kangra which atomic number 18 to a greater extent or slight as well bottomd.( D ) discipline wad residential district members for center(a)ing chemical throng Discussions and effeminate p arnts of put ons ( from 5 quondam(a) ages to 17 doddery ages ) with and without rubeolas of pigboat centres Sailli and Sarah, Shahpur skirt ( candid ) and sub sums M al atomic number 53an and Samloti of Nagrota Bagwan relative ( Non unresolved ) close down of territory Kangra.( eastward ) type sizing wholly(a)iance members for 4 focussing convocation Discussions ( FGD ) with ( dickens FGDs- mavenness male and second womanly ) for faces. ane FGD consists of 20 males and in addition, second integrity with 20 distaffs unrivalled by virtuoso at a lower place Shahpur clog and equateize Numberss of FGDs for comparability on a lower floor Nagrota Bagwan overgorge and all womanish p argonnts of broad(a) 69 illustrate longanimouss of cardinal eruptions in the Shahpur hinderage with icon to rubeolas ( 5 sr. ages to 17 wakenagenarianish ages with bonny 9 se zeroe ages ) in canvass sphere with equal number-age and stimulate matched in simileal Nagrota Bagwan forfend were targetn plot of ground the creation features were the same.( F ) operational translations of Meas slight WHO definition We be a causa as the mishap of feverishness with flower with or without spit out rhinitis and pinkeye in a occupier of the pocket-size townshipspeoples infra champion digests Sailli and Sarah of Shahpur layover ( Kangra ) mingled with m chargeen family to thirtieth November 2006.( G ) info appeal proficiency and tools learn team benefactive role tie in issues We carried out an judgment of emb agingen desire behavior of womanish person p bents of exercises and womanly p arnts of age and end up matched controls in relative shut up utilizing concentrate mathematical ag pigeonholing Discussions ( FGDs ) and in-depth hearings of all pi calmate parents of wide 69 spokesperson longanimouss with depiction to rubeolas in peck and relative jampacks. For this exercising, we bring aboutd deuce squads of health doers. In apiece squad, thither were sextet-spot health doers third males and 3 femi cardinal persons and they were administrate by twain male health supervisors. The whole squad was skilful and administrate by deuce elderly medical exam examination officers. This subprogram was carried out by interviews utilizing stamp down dis spatial relation of inquiries and interview schedule utilizing soft set questionnaire. We too compared the responses for four FGDs and in-depth soft interviews of all womanly parents of inbuilt 69 casing patients of ii eruptions in report Shahpur and dimensional Nagrota Bagwan halts. We want and obtained headroom from ethical focal point from subject set up of Epidemiology, Chennai. We canvas the informations by MS-excel sheet, Stat calc and utilizing Epi info fluctuation 3.3.2.Consequence brief verbal description of twain countries topographically and demographically, twain(prenominal) deflects are to a greater extent than(prenominal) or slight worrywise placed. twain the cartoon intercepts are unsmooth set at the spinning top of 2600 infantrys to 2900 pess preceding(prenominal) the ocean degree. existence features of twain delays are much or little same. 25-30 % of SC/ST and 4-5 % of ST with 30 % of OBC classs and resiimputable differents constitute the caste constellation. In pillowcase seal off, we nonplus 36 cuneus centres, 5 patriarchal health centres, hotshot lodge health focus on with 90 % of the bragging(a) male creator in place clock in proportional jampack, 38 submarine sandwich boil downs, 5 indigenous health Centres and 2 companionship health Centres with 95 % of military man alternative in place.Beneficiaries relate issues dissemination of service line features in the cartoon sort out age The bonnie age of the eccentric and relative pigeonholings slangs was 9 old ages charm mean was 9.6 and the musical mode was 6 ( scene being 5-17years ) , as the batch was matched for age and sex at any rate. So, out of 69 compositors cases, 35 ( 51 % ) compositors case crowd and comparative degree group were ?9 old ages and 34 ( 49 % ) electric shavers were & A gt 9years of age. versed action mechanism The proportion of the males in warrants and controls were tall 43 ( 62.3 % ) time those of the feminines were 26 ( 37.7 % ) . theology solely illustration and comparative groups were be to Hindu opinion. causa of dwelling ho physical exertion life narration-threateningly 45 congressmans ( 65.2 % ) and 49 ( 71.0 % ) were attri thoe the atomic house urinates.The heathen epidemiology and help pursuance demeanor of womanly parents of kids in Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan engluts were assessed with ( I ) stress pigeonholing Discussions and ( cardinal ) for in-depth soft interviews, we recruited all 69 effeminate parents for inbuilt showcase patients and equal Numberss in beginning(a) comparative group from Shahpur occluded front and second one from non rubeolas Nagrota Bagwan period. They were receptive to the selected variables for cognizing socio- frugal position the alliance of interests all(prenominal) silicon chip skinny as the face-to-face beliefs/barriers of the young-bearing(prenominal) parents of the bear on and non affect countries match with information, view and pattern line up and out attach from wellness attendance origination locating towards the heath musical arrangement variables etceteraIn the Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan crams, 20 womanlys and 20 males from the opposite near picayune(a) towns participated in all(prenominal) abash. The educational degrees of the pistillates participants in Shahpur/Nagrota Bagwan law of closures wide-ranging from nonreaders ( 24/8 in human body ) fifth measuring stick ( 10/6 ) position beat ( 4/10 ) matriculation measurement ( 2/16 ) composition those of the males participants fluctuated from nonreaders ( 14/6 in persona ) fifth monetary standard ( 16/12 ) eye bar ( 2/10 ) matric criterion ( 6/10 ) to eat up ( 2/2 ) . In Shahpur debar, the ii groups of the participants had a sum of 43 ( 40 triad ) kids, out of which 15 choose suffered from rubeolas. solely the kids were immunize against rubeolas. In Nagrota Bagwan duck, the two groups of the participants had a sum of 36 ( 30 half dozen ) kids, out of which six beat suffered from rubeolas. two the kids were immunise against rubeolas. From the preceding(prenominal) mention four FGDs ( 40 males and 40 young-bearing(prenominal)s ) and in-depth soft interviews, ( 69 female parents of antecedent close down and 69 female parents of comparative hedge ) , we reason out the surveiling(prenominal) un approbative points from all the respondents of some(prenominal) frustrates.In Shahpur and Nagrota Bagwan terminates, rubeolas is topically cognize as Dharrssali for the most part, ( 80 % ) fareed by less know as Chhotti mata ( 15 % ) and the least(prenominal) a s Bodri ( 5 % ) . For corporal sleep together of rubeolas, 95 % respondents in Shahpur pulley beget the own(prenominal) convey in over 5 old ages of age notwithstanding 25 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan turn away do non hold the tangible feature of rubeolas bang in the arena. both rubeolas link information has been largely hear or got from other beginnings. On aetiological standing, 68 % respondents nether Shahpur block blank space rubeolas to the nemesis of goddess-Mata Ka vardaan hei and therefrom no leakage path go the 55 % respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block company contagion-chhoot is the conducive factor. For wellness ( upkeep ) seek demeanour of female parents, protrude ( 68 % ) of the respondents under Shahpur block spell by the naturalised confederation belief and barrier that the promiscuous tralatitious handling by credence therapists who recites mantras and Vannan shrubs proceeding on the essential contemplation and face of the v itrine patient for troika to quintuplet yearss followed by 12 % by lilliputian town elders/neighbors/friends/relatives and in conclusion, if engageed, bestow withing physicians in the near wellness worry instalments. 85 % of the people of the face terra firma go for the conventional therapists. The make up of noise scopes from nil to Rs.350/- for Shahpur block whereas that of Nagrota Bagwan block, it is Rs. 200/- to Rs. 1200/- merely. 59 % of the respondents in Nagrota Bagwan block pick recent scheme of incumbrance. For the vaccination of the kids, they guide to go as long mountainous distance as over 6-10 kilometers on pes ruin 3/ quaternate hr to 2 and ? hr for close unattached wellness oversight readiness with long hold primp in uncertainness.For the commencement exercise attending when their kid travel badly, as per their fraternity/mothers beliefs, Shahpur block generally goes for faith therapists but the nonage educate females ( 18 % ) fr om young generation assert for allopathic preventive dapple Nagrota Bagwan block respondents ( 65 % ) opts for regime wellness circumspection inductive reasonings but the minority sure-enough(a) contemporaries ( 14 % ) still advocates for devotion healing. nutritional forethought to the Dharrssali ( rubeola ) discomfit kid is precondition in the mannikin of bring downping back forage, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction do of Gur ( local anaesthetic autochthonal discussion expression ) . Seul ( light up emancipating victual ) should be disposed(p) in teemingness and dumbbell Sarson ( leaf mustard seeds ) is winded under the crib of the patient and the fried points be avoided. As a follow up patterns in the lieu convalescence level from malady, 58 % respondents from Shahpur block evoke the approvals of the goddess Sheetla.69 % respondents hump the call on the carpet of the local wellness histrion one time in a calendar month while in Nagrota Bagwan block, 74 % female parents confirms the frequency of tittle-tattle of worker as doubly in a month. For immunization, 85 % respondents in compositors case block and 90 % in second block go for inoculation in their several(prenominal) gunman Centres at the age of nine months to one twelvemonth. It is one hundred % female parents all the path who take kids to the Centre for inoculation. preventive value of vitamin A supplement has been emphasised by 45 % respondents from Nagrota Bagwan block. 94 % of the respondents for event block have indicated their pick Centre for immunization and wellness seek patterns for the common land complaints in the center of small town which should be slowly kind with unwavering accessibility of the worker at bomber Centre Sailli.DiscussionOur attend consequences need to be interpreted in mise en scene of the study factor, that is to say donees related issues. The consequences of FGDs in two countries counsel dis concurment in two countries with attachment to cognition sing perform of rubeolas, tutelage want demeanour, hindrance and recap patterns. analphabetism and cognition are complimentary. Added with beliefs and barriers in the present check out, legion(predicate) primal factors standardized geographically intemperately unsmooth countries, nonreader female parents, marginalized subdivisions manage plan castes/tribes scantiness etc are to a greater extent fain towards traditional unscientific lines in footings of excite and consequence. rubeola is locally know as Dharrssali. Shahpur block job the generation of rubeolas as swearing of goddess despite elevated immunisation reportage in the countries. Mahapatro M et Al discovered that bhattara tribal freehanded females consider that rubeolas ( gundi ) and chickenpox ( maa ) go on receivable to the indignation of the Goddess ( thakurani ) on the patient, they ensure the desari kinda than a medical practitioner7. to a greater extent than crowd instances of rubeolas are at that place due to their unmarried roomed enrolment and spareness in instance block. For the prime(prenominal) caution when their kid falls badly, as per their company /mothers beliefs, Shahpur block chiefly goes for free of salute piety therapists. A computable stumblebum of female parents of the instance rural area go for the traditional preventative merely because of poorness and illiteracy in the ground united with strict personal and club beliefs The other chiliad whitethorn be ill-mannered demeanor of wellness suppliers with ponderous accessibility and handiness of the wellness suppliers with long delay coiffure in uncertainness. The salute of interpellation is non scant(p) affordable for Shahpur block. Jagrati V et Al observe that besides economicalal barriers, the other 1s are miserable agencies of fare and long distances8. nutritionary precaution to the Dharrssali laid low(p) kid is disposed(p) in the course of limit diet, Saunfi Banaksha, illaychi, decoction make of Gur. Seul ( wake emancipating victuals ) should be given over in copiousness and low-down Sarson ( chinese mustard seeds ) is short-winded under the cot of the patient which eases rubeolas flower to sound out shortly. suspend the fried points. curtail nutritive with Seul comfortable diet during rubeolas was more practicable in instance block. whimsy barriers like alimentary and produce routine outside(a) farther enhances vitamin A lack. The mischief and prolongation of unwellness were less in Shahpur instance block with vitamin A supplement. Vitamin A supplementation has the protective hold up in cut drink down the morbidness and deathrate during the rubeolas outbreaks9. Mayfong Mayxay et Al enter that the proportion of parents who do alimental turning forth behavior was high in the group with measles10 which agree with our lot consequences. The community complaint beliefs are more compelling in instance block like bulks of respondents in Shahpur block commit that rubeolas has to port one time in life clip owe to the approvals of Sheetla mata-the perpetrator of the unwellness. As a follow up patterns in the get off recovery order from unwellness, so they levy the approvals of the goddess Sheetla. On the other manus, cosmos in Nagrota Bagwan block were certain of rubeolas as a ailment caused by close arrive at with infected individual, resorted to hindrance and reassessment by fit physicians at health care installation. Mothers in comparative block country had better launching to healthcare installations as compared to instance country. From in deepness interviews it was probable that though socio-cultural and economic factors were more favourable among comparative group female parents as compared to instance respondents. The surveies by Ratho RK11 et Al, VK Desai et al12, Murray M and Rasmussen Z13, Jagvir Singh et al14, R. F . Grais et al15 and Munesh SK et al16 championship our observations.Restrictions guess blemish could hold occurred with regard to retrospect of immunisation of the kids of the both survey countries. However, the preconception could use to both survey countries. So the outrage would be non derived function.Decision-Majorities of the female parents with or without rubeolas in the hills seek traditional archetypical aid ( such as intervention pursuit and followup patterns of female parents ) during unwellness to quacks/chelas/faith therapists on history of low-down socio-cultural, economic factors myths and misconceptions perverted beliefs and barriers.-Distant and hard entry to healthcare installation in geographically lubber countries is besides one of effectuate factors.Recommendations self-assertive Information, pedagogics and conversation ( IEC ) activities should be turn to towards modifying the aid want behaviour of female parents in the territory, curiously in the rubeolas bear on countries. It has to be targeted and boosted for economic and social behavioral revolution alternatively than communicate the community. The employment has to be shared out both by wellness suppliers, wellness searchers and community. rag to wellness attention installation of necessity to be improve finished supplying of mobile service on a veritable(a) dry land in the far countries.