George Orwell s Animal Farm - 942 Words

George Orwells Animal Farm (1945) is an illustrious political novella which delineates the fact that the Utopian Ideology of communism is not perfect. Orwells eagerness to express his view on the Russian Republic led him to produce his satirical and metaphoric masterpiece; Animal Farm. The fictitious text based on the events manifest in the Russian Revolution show how communism fails as power corrupts minds, displayed in the novella with Animalism. Napoleon, the main protagonist portrays the leader of the Soviet Union Joseph Stalin. Through certain themes and literary features, Orwell explains how communism is not ideal. George Orwell was born in 1903 in India was educated in England. In England Orwell noticed that the school treated the wealthier kids better than the poorer ones. In 1922 Orwell had joined the Indian Imperial Force there he served for 5 years in Burma until he resigned to become a full time writer. Late in 1936 Orwell had made the journey to Spain for the sole purpose of fighting against the republicans whom were against the republicans whom were against Francos Nationalists. Orwell had no choice but to flee from Spain due to the Soviet-backed communists who were repressing revolutionary socialist disputes. This experience was the reason for him being a life long anti-socialist. The ordeal along with his yearning to write, he developed the Dystopian novel; Animal farm to show his politIcal standpoint on the Russian Republic. His thoughts, hisShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm958 Words   |  4 PagesImagine that you were an animal s or citizen living under Napoleon or St alin rule and the fear that your life can be taken always from you at any time. In the novel of Animal Farm, George Orwell he wanted to show how a book is a sarcasm of the Russian Revolution during the communist years and the satire of that time between Trotsky and Stalin. Where Orwell chose to create his character base of the common people of Russia at the time of the Revolution. Animal Farm is a social or allegory about NapoleonRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1361 Words   |  6 Pagesfarmer, but of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the english countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master Mr.Jones in order to represent the russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communist societies oppress the working class as a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concern ed. TsarRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1392 Words   |  6 Pages George Orwell Never Misuses Words In what was a vastly controversial novel published in 1945, George Orwell’s Animal Farm describes the horrific brand of communism in the Soviet Union and the conscious blindness that most of the West accepted at that time. Although Orwell labeled Animal Farm as a fairy tale, this historically parallel novel branches into the genres of political satire, fable, and allegory as well. What made Animal Farm so controversial among the â€Å"British socialists† and WesternRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Major’s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleon’s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleon’s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwell’s AnimalRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm922 Words   |  4 Pages In the novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, the wisest boar of the farm, Old Major, mimics Karl Marx, the â€Å"Father of Communism,† and Vladimir Lenin, a Russian communist revolutionary. George Orwell introduces direct parallels between the respected figures through their mutual ideas of equality and profoundly appreciated qualities. Furthermore, his utilization of dialect and descriptions represent the key ideas of the novel. Throughout the novel, Orwell continues to show comparisons betweenRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1463 Words   |  6 Pagesbut of late he had fallen on evil days†(Orwell 38). In Animal Farm, George Orwell describes life for the animals on a farm in the English countryside during the mid to early 20th century before, during and after a revolution against their master, Mr.Jones. Orwell does this to represent the Russian revolution and describe to people throughout the free world how leaders in both capitalist and communist societi es oppress the working class. As a result Orwell s tone throughout the novel is concernedRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1645 Words   |  7 PagesPeople respond to control and power differently for various reasons, however, one of the main reasons is based on their personality; their confidence and intelligence. In, Animal Farm by George Orwell, confidence and intelligence is a big factor for why certain animals obtained power and control and why other ones did not. People with confidence and intelligence are likely to gain most of the control and power. People with little intelligence, but lots of confidence are more likely to have someRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their â€Å"dictator† Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. Their problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, the animals overthrow their human oppressors and free themselves from humanity. With his new freedom Napoleon craves power and expels Snowball. He becomes the dictator of Animal Farm and makes the farm a place whereRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1360 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion minus the answer.† In George Orwell’s â€Å"Animal Farm†, the author raises the question whether the type of government, communism, is feasible in a community without leading to a type of dictatorship or totalitarianism. Orwell presents the idea that communism is a good idea in theory, but it always leads to corruption by the people who take power. The author presents the novel as an entertaining fable featuring an animal revolution; however, beneath this storyline Orwell utilizes literary devicesRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1403 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell believes â€Å"What you get over and over again is a movement of the proletaria t which is promptly characterized and betrayed by astute people at the top and then the growth of a new governing class. The one thing that never arrives is equality† (Letemendia 1). Orwell simply loathes revolution and thinks it is unfair to the majority, for the people. He thinks that while individuals change, the people in power are always corrupt and they will corrupt any attempt at change. He communicates

Design and Industrial Revolution - 1058 Words

What is Design? Q1. What was the industrial revolution? When did it occur? How did industrialisation lead to the creation of the design profession? How was the industrial manufacturing of making products new and what role did the designer play in creating new products? The industrial revolution was a movement that began in mainly in England and Germany during the 18th-19th century. It then spread throughout the world. The industrial revolution introduced the notion of function, ergonomics, and the use of modern materials. Designers had to think of new ways to create objects with the use of modern industrial materials in a cheaper and more efficient manner. Q2. Explain what series and mass production means. What other†¦show more content†¦Guo Pei - Red Shoes: Homage to Wizard of Oz shoes, 2011 Aesthetics function: An extravagant, modern take on Dorothy’s shoes from â€Å"The wizard of Oz† The delicate and intricate detail surrounding the shoe seems to create a sense of perfection. The shows don’t seem to be practical but have a unique and quirky design. It also seems to allude/ portray women as not only luxurious and feminine, but also intensive and powerful. Dieter Rams - SK4 Record Player, 1956 (Snow White’s coffin) Practical, technical function: The transparent plastic, which exposes the mechanics of the record player, is unobstructed and makes the product understandable. The design is kept simple and honest, a minimalist approach. Through the use of little design, perhaps alludes to how easy and useful the product is. 5c) Milton Glaser: Taking inspiration from the history of art and graphic design, Glaser created a new style of graphic communication that combines visual and intellectual concepts. Guo Pei : Steampunk fashion is seen as modern interpretation of fantastical ideas based on history. Her work seems to represents a blend from famous Arabian tales, classical Chinese fairy tales and classics from the Western society. Pei’s striking geometric vision, and blend of classic fantasy are avant-garde Dieter Rams: Less is more. Rams main focus was not on outstanding design but better design. He kept the mentality â€Å"less is more† when it came to designingShow MoreRelatedDesign And Functionalism Of The Industrial Revolution1053 Words   |  5 PagesThe industrial revolution was the transition to industrialisation and urbanisation, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries. Industrialisation shifted the manufacturing of goods from small quantities using basic machinery at home, to mass production with the mechanisation of machinery. â€Å"The task of drafting a product was no longer left with the craftsmen, thus the creation of the design profession.† (Hauffe, 1998, p.11) Mass production and series production is defined as the large quantityRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : New Objects, Materials, And Technology1341 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen a period of innovation and development as profound and impactful as the Industrial Revolution. The industrial revolution produced new objects, materials, and technology fulfilling many purposes. In 1750 a shift occurred and design became a profession, which resulted in a crossover between design and art. The growth of manufacturing resulted in the rise factories and a shift from an agrarian society to an urban industrial one one. England was a powerful manufacturing state due to natural resourcesRead MoreEffects Of The Industrial Revolution On England1507 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of the Industrial Revolution on England The Industrial Revolution in England brought significant changes to the country both positive and negative. The Industrial Revolution was generally positive because of the development of technology and a better standard of living. However, some of the negative aspects were the terrible labor conditions and the mistreatment of women and children. Industrial Revolution in England started in the 1760s and went on until around 1850. Life beforeRead MoreWhat Has The Industrial Revolution Improved For Modern Civilization? Essay978 Words   |  4 Pages What Has the Industrial Revolution Improved for Modern Civilization? Agriculture During the Industrial Revolution many major improvements were made to fundamental areas in society such as agriculture, textile and metal manufacturing, transportation, economic policies, and social structure (Montagna, The Industrial Revolution). Changes within the agriculture industry were a central part of industrial change due to the large position that agriculture contributed to raw materials in the textileRead MoreA Short Statement Defining The Industrial Revolution1077 Words   |  5 Pagesshort Statement defining the industrial revolution The industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, and was the introduction of machinery. A statement around examining the industrial revolution with a focus on the lives of children and the impact the industrial revolution had on their lives In the Industrial revolution children had to work alongside with their parents mostly on farms for generations. It continued during the Revolution as children worked with theirRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesThe events that happened in the Industrial Revolution were influenced by actions in the Agricultural Revolution. Innovations like Jethro Tull’s sowing seed influenced later engineers to create more efficient machinery for their own work. Movements like the enclosure movement acted similar to the laws set in place during the Industrial Revolution, because this movement changed the way people had to work. Along with all the importance of the people, the geographical importance was very similar. WithRead MoreThe Importance Of The Industrial Revolution865 Words   |  4 PagesAs the 19th century was starting, so was the start of the Industrial Revolution. The 1800s began with a bang as Count Alessandro Volta invented the first battery. Volta is the reason why we now measure electricity in â€Å"volts.† About ten years later Joseph Nicephore Niepce would create a machine that could produce a likeness or photograph. The first photos were taken around his house, the process took several hours to complete. A little later in the same year, the first steamed powertrain was perfectedRead MorePlan 700 Planning Paradigms And Theory1711 Words   |  7 PagesPlanning: Development, Consequences and Challenges To understand the ancient and pre-industrial cities, learn from urban history, and explore the conditions that led to the appearance of formal planning, different approaches to ancient urban planning have been researched by previous studies. Based on ancient urban planning literature, this paper summarizes the development of ancient cities before the Industrial Revolution, explores the consequences and challenges of the absence of formal urban planningRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : The Golden Age Of Invention1389 Words   |  6 Pagesremember is the Industrial Revolution. Given how common factories are around the world (more specifically, the Northeast) in modern times, no one could ever believe the fact that there was a time without them. (Wow, look at that industrialization!) Aside from child labor, and positively disgusting living and working conditions, the Industrial Revolution had its fair share of innovation and ideas. And all too similar to this day and age, the ideas as w ell as the Industrial Revolution itself were backedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, opening doors of unlimited production possibilities. The inventors of this time created a new look on life and the eager society of the century never looked back. Industrialization is an on-going process that is central to understanding humans. With inventions from such dedicated people as James Watt, Benjamin Franklin, and Eli White, the Industrial Revolution was made possible. Although many

Potential Target Markets for the Fast Food Restaurant-Free-Samples

Questions: Discuss about the potential target markets for the Fast food restaurant in Coconut Plantation Resort, Hawaii. Answers: Introduction Target segments along with the product offerings should properly designed and identified. This is due to the reason that in the current time of increased competition in the market, especially in the Hawaiian tourism, effective and proper identification of the target markets is important. In addition, having an effective communication mix is also important in order to communicate with the potential customers regarding the offered services (Todorova 2015). This report will discuss about the probable target market for the restaurant in Coconut Plantation Resort in Hawaii along with the identification of exact type of restaurant to offer. This report will also discuss about an ideal communication mix for the restaurant considering all the relevant elements. Identification of the target market Market segmentation includes different aspects to be considered including demographical, geographical and psycho graphical segmentation. In the case of the Coconut Plantation Resort, target segments will be determined in relation to the demographical and psycho graphical segmentation. In terms of the demographical segmentation, the target segment should be the young professionals aged between 26 to 40 and the late adults aged over 50 (Hess and Doe 2013). These are the most potential target segment due to the reason that there are mainly two types of customer segments go for vacation in Hawaii. One is the young professionals who are the having stable professional life and having the purchasing power to enjoy leisure vacations and the other is the late adults who wants to enjoy their older age in leisure. Both these target segments will have favorable purchasing power to spend in the Coconut Plantation Resort. Another probable target segment is in terms of psychographic segmentation. According to the case study, independent traveler constitutes the major portion of the total inflow of tourists (Park and Jang 2014). Thus, the market potentiality by targeting them will be more. On the other hand, these travelers not travel with setoff itinerary and pre-purchased services. Thus, the potentiality of generating business from them is more. Recommended restaurant According to the case study, there are mainly three types of restaurants being prescribed. However, it is recommended that fast food restaurant will be the most applicable and proper for Coconut Plantation Resort. This is due to the reason that, in the case study, it is stated that table cloth and moderately priced restaurants only offers three meals a day (James et al. 2014). In addition, the variation in the food offerings will be more in case of the fast food restaurants over others. It is also to be noted that tourists in the Hawaii Island will enjoy more of the local fast foods compared to the fixed meals. Tourist tends to spend fixed amount for their meals in the restaurant, while spending for fast food varies. Thus, the business opportunities can get more through fast food restaurant. Fast food restaurant will be able to offer more authentic local cuisines compared to the clothed restaurants. Specialty restaurants are also not considered due to the reason that they will only c ater to the higher end customers, while the fast food restaurants will be able to cater to larger section of the customers (Wang, Tran and Nguyen 2014) Ideal product levels Four product levels of fast food restaurants will be discussed including the core product, generic product, expected product and augmented product. The core product of the fast food restaurant will be the foods being offered. The core products will be diversified in order to enhance the effectiveness of the core offerings. Having multiple cuisines will help to cater to larger customer base (Booth 2014). Generic product of the fast food restaurant will be the quality of the foods along with the authentic taste. Proper hygiene and health standards will be maintained in preparing the food (Penzenstadler and Femmer 2013). Organic materials will be used in order to provide the authentic taste and quality to the customers. Expected product of the fast food restaurant is the expectation of the customers from it. This includes the authenticity of the local taste and cuisines with exact flavor. Customers also expect that executives will be friendly and the time for the food delivery will be less. Cost will also be in accordance to the products. These factors will be considered in order to fulfill the customer expectations. Augmented products are the additional offerings, which will enhance the customer value as well as create a distinctive image in the market. In the case of the fast food restaurant, the color scheme to be used in the premises along with the style of branding will be different from that of the market (Seo and Jang 2013). In addition, services will be also distinctive by offering drive in services and hotel delivery of the foods Pricing strategy Affordable and economy pricing will be initiated by the fast food restaurant in order to cater to different customer segments. This is due to the reason that fast food will attract customers across different income levels (Spann, Fischer and Tellis 2014). Moreover, with having economy pricing, higher end customers can also be targeted due to the reason that economy pricing goes well with the fast food market. Communication mix strategy Target market Reach Lifespan Frequency Advertisements Entire target market consisting of customers across every income levels. Advertisements will have higher market penetration due to the involvement of number of different mediums. The life span will be more and in accordance to the business. Advertisements will continue throughout their business operation. Frequency will be more due to the presence of different mediums. However, the design will typically change after every 4 months according to the market trends. Sales promotion Will target mainly the mass market and the frequent customers. Reach of the sales promotion will have limited reach and but with higher effectiveness. It will be limited among the customers coming to the restaurant. Lifespan of sales promotion will be less and it will be limited to newly launched offerings. Sales promotion will be done in less frequency and will only be initiated upon requirements. Public relation Will mainly target the higher end customers who are not frequent. Market reach will also be limited among the not so frequent customers. Lifespan of public relation will also be more and it will be continued in order to identify the change in the market trend and requirements. Public relation will be initiated in limited frequency and will only be initiated at the peak seasons. Direct marketing Will target all the customers regardless of having potential or not. Direct marketing will have more marketing reach due to the communication of the messages to every single corner. The lifespan for direct marketing will be more due to the reason that it will also be continued along with the business operation. The frequency of direct marketing will be more and it will be conducted in regular basis. Medium Message Objective Finance Advertisements Different mediums will be involved such as print media, outdoor medium and social media. Print media will help to communicate to the potential customers in the local hotels. Outdoor medium will ensure enhanced brand visibility and social media will help to reach out to more customers in less cost. The message will include basic information about the fast food restaurant along with the value creating factors for the customers. The color scheme to be used in communicating the message will be same to the branding. The core objective of the initiation of advertisements will be reach out to maximum number of potential customers possible and make them aware about the presence of the restaurant. Another objective is to make customers aware about the core products to be received. Advertisements will cost more due to the involvement of different mediums. It is estimated that US$ 3000 will be required for advertisements. Sales promotion Mediums of sales promotion will include customer loyalty programs, seasonal offerings and promo codes. These mediums will help to attract customers along with making aware about the foods. This will also increase the customer footfalls. The message will include the product description along with the ingredients used in preparing the foods. The message will also include the added services to be received by the customers. The main objective of sale promotion is to attract more customers during the off season along with maintaining the existing customer base. Another objective is to increase the customer loyalty of the most frequent customers. Sales promotion will also have certain cost due to the fact that seasonal offerings and discounts will incur added cost. It is estimated that US$ 1500 will be required for sales promotion activities. Public relation Mediums of public relation will be initiation of two ways communication process in the online community such as social media. This will help in determining the requirement of the customers. The message will include the ways by which the restaurant is willing to serve better. The message will also include the steps taken in enhancing the customer satisfaction. The objective of initiation of public relation is to enhance the level of satisfaction of the customers along with maintaining the positive relationship with the customers. Due to the involvement of different mediums, an added cost will also be incurred in the initiation of the public relation activities. US850 will be required in this case. Direct marketing Mediums for the direct marketing will be email, phone call and online texts. These mediums will help to communicate with the customers directly and in more personalized way. The message will include brief service offered by the fast food restaurant along with the price chart. Moreover, the message will also include the added facilities and distinctive services of the restaurants. Objective will include reaching to major sections of the target market and making them aware about the restaurant. US$ 500 will be required for this activity. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that Coconut Plantation Resort should have fast food restaurant in their location. This is due to the reason that fast food restaurant will be more effective in catering to major section of the target market. This report also discussed about the two most potential target segments along with discussing the ideal communication mix to reach out to maximum number of customers References Booth, D.A., 2014. Measuring sensory and marketing influences on consumers' choices among food and beverage product brands.Trends in food science technology,35(2), pp.129-137. Hess, M. and Doe, P., 2013. The Marketer's Dilemma: Focusing on a Target or a Demographic?: The Utility of Data-Integration Techniques.Journal of Advertising Research,53(2), pp.231-236. James, P., Arcaya, M.C., Parker, D.M., Tucker-Seeley, R.D. and Subramanian, S.V., 2014. Do minority and poor neighborhoods have higher access to fast-food restaurants in the United States?.Health place,29, pp.10-17. Park, J.Y. and Jang, S.S., 2014. Psychographics: Static or dynamic?.International Journal of Tourism Research,16(4), pp.351-354. Penzenstadler, B. and Femmer, H., 2013, March. A generic model for sustainability with process-and product-specific instances. InProceedings of the 2013 workshop on Green in/by software engineering(pp. 3-8). ACM. Seo, S. and Jang, S.S., 2013. The roles of brand equity and branding strategy: a study of restaurant food crises.International Journal of Hospitality Management,34, pp.192-201. Spann, M., Fischer, M. and Tellis, G.J., 2014. Skimming or penetration? Strategic dynamic pricing for new products. Marketing Science,34(2), pp.235-249. Todorova, G., 2015. Marketing communication mix.Trakia Journal of Sciences,13(1), pp.368-374. Wang, L.W., Tran, T.T. and Nguyen, N.T., 2014. Analyzing factors to improve service quality of local specialties restaurants: A comparison with fast food restaurants in southern Vietnam.Asian Economic and Financial Review,4(11), p.1592.

Mobile Technology System

Question: The technical report gives students a chance to construct a research survey in a technical report style as used by research conferences and journals. Suggested areas to focus on are: Answer: 1. Introduction With the advent of advanacement in mobile technology, the marketplaceis flooded with many different mobile operating systems. Android and iOS are most well-known rivals in this field. In this paper, a comparative study has been performed between Android and iOS to check the features keeping all the technicalities into consideration. 2. Architecture Comparison Android makes use of Linux Version 2.6 for its core system services. These includes the security, process management, memory management, driver model as well as network stack. It is implementing using the programming language C. Middleware includes both runtime as well as libraries. Runtime includes both core libraries which provides most of functionality which are available in corel libraries of java programing language and the Dalvik virtual machine which enables android application to run in its own process. These libraries are used by many different components of android system which includes 3D libraries, Media Libraries etc. The upper level includes the Application and the application framework. Developers can take full advantage of device hardware, access local information, set alarms, and add notifications to the OS notification bar, run background services among others. All these applications would be written on Java programming language. Figure 1: Android architecture Figure 2: iOS architecture Now, in the case of iOS, the core OS as well as the core OS service layers contain both the fundamental interfaces for the OS. These also includes those which are used for accessing files, as well as Bonjour services, low-level data types, network sockets among others. Most of these interfaces are C-based and also include technologies such as the core foundation, the CF Network, the SQLite as well as access to UNIX Sockets and POSIX among others. Next, the media layer contains many different fundamental technologies such as the support for 2D and 3D drawing, audio / video etc. This layer includes technologies based on C such as Quartz, OpenGL ES and Core Audio. It also contains the core animation which is an animation engine based on Objective-C. It makes use of a mixture of both C based as well as objective-c based interface. The Cocoa touch layer provides fundamental infrastructure used by the application. This foundation framework provides object oriented support for file manageme nt, network operations, and collections and is based on the objective-C 3. Feature wise comparison of Android and iOS 3.1. Android 3.1.1. Android 1.xx (aka Cupcake and Donut) The basic operating system. A drop down notification window from all sections of the screen. Basic widgets which are small programs which stick on the desktop area of the phone. Gmail integration along with a Gmail app Android Market which was the primary means to get the apps Onscreen keyboard using the touchscreen Upload support on YouTube Also included the third party app development support and kit which other developers and companies could make use of to develop apps for Android. 3.1.2. Android 2.xx (Eclair, Froyo and Gingerbread) Ability to support for multiple Google accounts Inclusion of Google Maps app which utilized the GPS hardware on the phone. Ability to add quick contacts Ability to add up to five home screens Gallery was enhanced and included features such as the ability to move image to different folders and changing the orientation would rotate the image as well. Ability to lock the phone using a 4 character PIN The user interface of the operating system as well as that of the widgets and certain apps were slightly tweaked and improved Ability to support front cameras on devices which had front camera 3.1.3. Android 3.X (Honeycomb) Honeycomb was a Tablet only operating system. It included a completely re-designed interface to begin with. There was a new action bar support. Also Honeycomb removed the need for hardware buttons and included on-screen buttons at the bottom of the screen comprising of Home, back and forward. 3.1.4. Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) Icecream sandwich was a cohesive release which meant that the same OS would be used for both tablet and mobile phones. Primary changes included a data usage analysis section wherein users would be able to track both Wi-Fi and Cellular data usage. Ability to transfer files, contacts etc. by touching two phones together by making use of the NFC hardware. This was known as Android Beam. 3.1.5. Android 4.1 to 4.3 (Jelly Bean) Support for low-energy Bluetooth based smart devices such as heart rate monitors, thermometers etc. Support for Project butter which drastically improved the framerate of Android OS to up to 60Fps and improvements in V-Sync. Ability to interact with certain apps using the notification bar. Inclusion of Google Now, a smart digital assistant similar to Siri on iPhone. Performance improvements 3.1.6. Android 4.4 (KitKat) Slightly tweaked interface with translucent System UI and inclusion of Google Now Launcher that combined Google Now with a new launcher. A new screen recording application which allowed users to record whatever is on-screen Enhanced notification bar Performance improvements 3.1.7. Android 5.0 (Lollipop) Complete user interface overhaul with increased use of grid-based layouts which made use of cards based UI first introduced in Google Now as well as depth effects such as shadows and lighting. This was the biggest user interface overhaul and is known as Material Design (Limited, 2014). A new lock screen was also introduced, along with a do not disturb feature, new notification action, guest mode and user accounts and ability to add trusted devices (Ashby, 2010). Lollipop also came with performance improvements and improved battery consumption. Several new APIs for developers. Lollipop also came with a new way to track battery consumption on Android. 3.2 IPhone 3.2.1 IPhoneOS (iOS1) iOS1 has touch screen included by apple that responds to finger taps and swipes and the touch screen keyboard no more comes with actual buttons that gives a much larger screen and making it look less compact. Multiple key presses are also accepted by the system. Web browser named Apple safari is available as a mobile version. USB connections are possible in ios1 in iTunes enabled computers increasing the compatibility of iTunes. No direct access of files on the phone is possible, making ios1 more secure. The home button makes it easier for the user to switch between the home and any app. Wi-Fi iTunes purchase is possible on iOS1. 3.2.2 IPhoneOS 2 (iOS 2) The app store facility is available making it flexible for the user to purchase apps from the apple store. User and companies can easily develop apps with the help of iOS Developer Kit. Exchange support by Microsoft and features like push email are available. Ready-made playlists created by iTunes are possible with the help of iTunes Genius support. Audio files that we like at third party sites like web shows can be downloaded. The Google street view feature makes it easier for the viewer to view 3D maps from iPhone. 3.2.3 IPhoneOS 3 (iOS 3) Text selection, copy and paste capabilities come up with ios3. Searching web pages with spotlight search just with the help of keywords. Ios3 comes with USB/Bluetooth tethering allowing other mobile devices to access internet available on iPhone. Beside portrait, landscape view rotation is possible to make two-fingered keyboard. In case our iPhone is misplaced it can easily be located. Remote lock available to shut off any device using an iPhone. Connectivity services like Bluetooth can be used to input voice commands. 3.2.4 IPhone OS 4 (iOS 4) With ios4, multitasking is taken to a whole new level, enabling multiple apps to run in the background and also receiving notifications of the content from the apps. Facility of face time is available making video calling easier in between two iPhone users. Crystal clear display or Retina display enhancement, colour balance and smooth display along with display of TV shows makes ios4 more attractive. Just like normal SMS facility, emails are also sent directly to our device these are called as threaded emails. With iTunes Ping social network gets specifically tailored to music. Unlike in ios3 having USB/Bluetooth tethering ios4 comes with 3G tethering, making iPhone a hotspot for Wi-Fi enabled devices. 3.2.5 IPhone OS 8 iOS 8 introduced improvements in messages and included Tap to talk to send a pre-recorded message, video or a photo. It also provided new features in Group messaging and also ability to share location and turn off notifications from a group. There were many different functionalities added to the photos app such as effects, ability to adjust exposure, brightness, contrast etc. Camera also came along with new ways to take pictures and photos using time-lapse mode, timer mode, burst mode etc. Quicktype Keyboard which is an improved version of the default Apple keyboard with several key features as well as ability to install third party keyboards such as Swype, Swiftkey among others (Inc., 2014). Health: An altogether new health app is available in iOS8 which aggregates the users health and fitness related data by recording certain information from the devices sensor as well as other health related devices connected to the iPhone. Family Sharing: Ability to share iTunes, App Store purchases, iBooks with 6 members of the family. Ability to store all documents, photos and videos to the newly introduced iCloud Drive A feature called Continuity and Handoff was also made available which allows the users with different iOS and Mac OSX devices to work together seamlessly such as sharing data among each other, ability to work from one device and resume on other among others (Inc., 2014). Ability to share iPhones or iPads internet connection instantly with one click to the Mac OSX based devices. Ability to transfer files wirelessly between iOS and Mac OSX devices using AirDrop Built-in default search improvements which includes web related entry along with data stored in the device Improvements in the default Mail app Improvements in the default digital assistant Siri which improved its responsiveness, accuracy and reliability Improvements in the default web browser Safari Improvements in default Map application which includes Flyover city tours, inline map view in calendar among others. A new feature which allows one to track battery usage by different user applications. Enterprise features such as expanded data protection to contacts, calendar, messages, notes, reminders among others. 4 Development 4.1 Development Environments Language - In Android, the language is Java whereas in iOS the language is Objective-C as well as Swift as of June 2014 which is Apple's own proprietary language (Tut, 2013). IDE - Android makes use of the JDT tools whereas in iOS, XCode IDE, iPhone Simulator, Shark Analysis tools etc. is used (Maasalmi, 2011). Programming Model - Android supports multiple processes as well as component reuse and the platform also provides support for activities and intents (Chin, 2011). It provides a way for declaring user preferences in XML. While on the other hand, iOS MVC design pattern provides a way for declaring user preferences in XML (Myrose, 2012). UI Builder - The Android UI builder cannot display the user interface of how the developers app will actually appear, whereas on the iOS there is a seamless UI builder which is flexible and also able to model sophisticated UIs. Open Vs. Close - Apples iOS is a closed and proprietary system which has a strong bond between exclusive hardware and software. Googles Android on the other hand is an open-source approach. As a result, anybody is free to make use of Android Operating system from Google and customize it as per their liking or even go ahead to make use of the OS on a device other than mobile or tablet. Android Project itself is now a part of open handset alliance of several different hardware, software and service providing companies (Wilner, 2012). Application publishing - Since Apples OS is quite closed, every single Application being submitted to the App Store goes through a rigid testing process and anything out of the ordinary is rejected (Inc., 2012). Apple also requires a developer account which is licensed yearly to be able to submit Application to the app store. On the other hand, Android application publishing is much more open, relax and nearly free. Both of the companies however charge 30% of the revenue fees (Jaiswal, 2014). 4.2 Security Since iPhone is a restricted platform, there are restrictions not just for every single application being submitted but also the privileges given to them when they are executed on the phone. This makes the platform much more secure and fortified (Svajcer, 2014). While on the other hand, Android suffers from security issues not only because of the fact the entire operating system is open but also because, the manufacturers add their own layer of User Interface called as Custom Skin on top of Android Open Source Project implementations. Furthermore, it is even more customized by slipstreaming on integrating various services and applications by the manufacturer of the handset. This renders android less secure. Finally, the number of malware on Android is quite high compared to almost a miniscule amount of malware for the iOS platform (CISCO, 2014). 5 Port third party applications 5.1 Android Android resembles more with other Java platforms as compare to desktops running Desktop Linux. The desktop Linux is developed using X11 i.e. X windows system which is paired with a windows manager such as KDE or GNOME. Instead of using desktop Linux PC software, for e.g. Maemo Linux of Nokias 900, Android provides a customized Java Virtual Machine which is similar to that of BlackBerry OS and Symbian phones. They are able to execute Java ME applications. Google has developed a customized version of Java byte code interpreter of Android, known as Dalvik, in order to save Sun licensing fees for official JVM version of Android. As a result of this, Google is able to provide Android at free cost and also without interference from Sun. It also develops Android as a Java platform rather than a Linux platform. One of the key features of android, which is both strength and a weakness, is its insular nature. The peculiar user space stack provides a non-compatible path to port 3rd party applic ations from and to the standard Linux environments. However, Android does not offer considerable amount of cohesion across different devices i.e. a lesser fragmentation. 5.2 IPhone On the other hand, Apple has taken an altogether different approach in developing its mobile software platform. Instead of developing a byte code interpreter on the basis of specific and modified implementation of Java ME, Apple had come up with a scaled down version of Mac OS X Cocoa environment. It uses trusted work of the Mac developers of the company in place of established base of coders of Java ME. The Java code can be ported to iPhone but it needs considerable translation work. This is so because Apple supports only Objective-C/C language as iPhone programming language in its own tools. Instead of permitting iPhone developer to easily port desktop Mac applications to iPhone, the huge gap between iPhone and Android development tools appears to be a strategic step. Apple is able to gain more attraction of developers to Mac. In addition to this, it is able to sell twice as many iPhones as that of Mac. IPhone also shares a large market share than Mac platform. 6 Reliability and security 6.1 Android Android is a multi-process system i.e. every application along with some parts of system runs in its own process space. There is a considerable security between applications and the system which is enforces at the process level. It is done by conventional facilities offered by Linux such as user and group Ids which are allocated to applications. Another security feature is provided through permission mechanism. It results in putting restrictions of the specific operations which can be performed by a process. In addition to this, operations are specified by per-URI permissions as well. Since Android is a free software, it permits users to install softwares from any developer in the devices. However, users must pay attention to the developer of softwares being downloaded and decide whether they should allow the application to make changes in their devices. Users can decide it from the trustworthiness of developers and from where the software has come. 6.2 IPhone IPhone offers no security feature and does not allow users to load any 3rd-part applications on their devices. This could eliminate the infection risk from malicious software to a considerable extent. The higher risk arises whenever iPhone is connected to Web. In addition to this, screen of iPhone gets disabled after a prolonged time of non-use. However, passcode feature has taken this feature to a step further. Whenever display of device gets locked, either by device auto-lock feature or user has put it on sleep through sleep button, the user needs to enter 4-digit passcode in order to unlock the device before it is being used again. The security APIs of iPhone are present in the Core services layer of operating system. These APIs are based on services in Core OS layer of operating system. The iPhone applications call the security service API instead of communicating Cocoa or Media layers directly. In addition to this, networking applications are able to acquire secure networking fu nctions through CF network API. This API is also present in the Core Services layer. 7 Conclusion Android and iOS have strong technical base but each leverages itself from different perspective. Android is based on Java whereas iOS has made objective-C as its platform. Android has fragmentation issues and iOS does not 3rd party applications to get in with ease. The papers has come to this conclusion that the deciding factor among them is the users jurisdiction and how one is going to use the device. But both these operating systems will remain in race for a long time from now. 8 References Ashby, M. (2010). Materials and Design. AppState.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2015, Chin, E. (2011). Analyzing Inter-Application Communication in Android. Berkeley.edu. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from CISCO,. (2014). Cisco 2014 Annual Security Report. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from Inc, A. (2012). App Store Submission Tutorial. Apple.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from Inc, A. (2014). First Look - iOS 8. CreativeChannel. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from Inc, A. (2014). iOS T echnolo g y O v er view. Apple.com. Retrieved 19 January 2015, from Jaiswal, S. (2014). Research on Android app Vs Apple app Market: Who is leading ?. International Journal Of Engineering And Computer Science, 3(4), 5553-5556. Limited, 2. (2014). The Android graphics path In depth. 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